Donate Here
Carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones)
Carbony compounds The are compounds that contain carbonyl group Aldehydes Thes are carbonyl compounds with the following structure. Nomenclature of aldehydes Aldehyde are named ... Read More
Alkylhalides (R-X, X = Cl, Br, I)
Alkyl halides (R-X, X = Cl, Br, I) These are compounds with at least one halogen atom attached to the parent chain. Classification of ... Read More
Amine (organic chemistry)
Amines These are organic derivatives of ammonia Classification According to the number of alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom (a) Primary amines: have ... Read More
Alkyne by Dr. Bbosa
Alkyne General formula CnH2n-2 where n≥2 They contain a triple bond Examples Preparations of alkynes 1. From vicinal dihalides. Vicinal dihalides are halides with two ... Read More
Alkenes By Dr. Bbosa Science
Alkenes These are hydrocarbons that contain aa double bond The general formula is CnH2n n ≥ 2 Examples are Ethene CH2=CH2 Propene CH3CH=CH2 But-1-ene ... Read More
Zinc and its compounds
Zinc and its compounds Electron configuration 4s23d10 Properties of zinc as a transition element Forms complexes, e.g. Zn(NH3)42+. ZnO is a catalyst in the formation ... Read More
Copper and its compounds
Copper and its compounds The electron configuration of copper 4s13d10 Properties of copper as a transition element Forms colored compounds; for instance Cu2+ is ... Read More
Nickel and its compounds
Nickel and its compounds The electron configuration of nickel 4s23d8 Properties of nickel as a transition element Forms colored compounds; for instance, Ni2+ is green ... Read More
Cobalt and its compounds
Cobalt and its compounds The electron configuration of cobalt 4s3d7 Properties of cobalt as a transition element Forms colored compounds; for instance, Co2+ is ... Read More
Iron and its compound
Iron and its compound Electron configuration of Iron 3d64s2 Properties of iron as a transition element Forms coloured compounds; for instance Fe2+ is green Has ... Read More
Manganese and its compounds
Manganese and its compounds The electron configuration of manganese 4s23d5 Properties of manganese as a transition element Forms colored compounds; for instance, Mn7+ is purple ... Read More
Chromium and its compounds
Chromium The electron configuration of chromium. 4s13d5 Characteristic of chromium as a transition element Forms colored compounds; for instance, Cr3+ is green Has variable oxidation ... Read More
Properties of transition elements
Transition elements, general properties Definition Transition elements are elements with partially filled d-orbital Members Elements Atomic number Electronic configuration Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe ... Read More
Group 7: Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine
Group 7: Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine Members Elements Symbols Fluorine F Chlorine Cl Bromine Br Iodine I General comment The halogens are one ... Read More
Group 4 element (carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, and lead)
Group 4 Elements, carbon, silicon, germanium, tin and lead Members Elements symbol Carbon C Silicon Si Germanium Ge Tin Sn Lead Pb Physical properties ... Read More
Group 3 elements (boron and aluminium)
Group 3 elements Members Elements symbol Boron B Aluminium Al Gallium Ga Indium In Thallium Tl Boron Boron is a nonmetal, aluminium is ... Read More
Group 2 elements (berylliun, magnesium, calcium, barium)
Group 2A: The alkaline earth metals. The members of group 2A or the alkaline earth metals are beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), ... Read More
Structures of solids
Structures of solids Solids have properties that are extremely different from those of gases, e.g., solids are incompressible and have definite shapes. These properties result ... Read More
Chemistry of period 3 elements
Chemistry of period 3 elements This chapter compares the Chemistry of the elements in period 3 of the periodic table. Each element in a period ... Read More
Molecular structures (shapes molecules)
Molecular structures (shapes molecules) This chapter provides the principles used to predict the shapes of molecules of different compounds. Understanding molecular shapes is very vital ... Read More
Period II, diagonal relationship
Diagonal relationship This is the similarity in chemical properties between elements in the second period with elements which are lying to their right in the ... Read More
Periodic Table (A-level)
The Periodic Table (PT) The periodic table is a tabular arrangement such that the columns contain elements with electronically similar atoms. The rows of the ... Read More
Bonding, A-level
Chemical bonding This chapter teaches the different types and names of bonds that exist in substances that keep their constituent particles together. We will understand ... Read More
Distribution law/partition coefficient
Equilibrium between immiscible liquids Distribution Law: States that a solute distributes itself between immiscible solvents such that a constant temperature and pressure the ratio of ... Read More
Colligative properties
Colligative properties These are behaviors of solution which depend on the number of nonvolatile dissolved particles (Ions, molecules, atoms, etc.) other than the chemical nature ... Read More
Eutectic mixtures
Eutectic mixtures These are mixtures which at constant pressure freeze at a constant temperature to give a solid of the same composition. Similarities between a ... Read More
Immiscible liquids and steam distillation
Immiscible liquids These are liquids that do not form a uniform solution but separate into two layers when mixed. For these liquids, the total vapor ... Read More
Vapour pressure, Raoult’s law and fractional distillation (A-level)
Vapor Pressure All liquids exhibit tendency for evaporation at their surface. For evaporation to occur molecules at the surface acquire kinetic energy of liquid molecules ... Read More
Phase equilibrium
Phase equilibrium A phase is a homogenous physical state into which a substance can exist; for example, solid, liquid and vapor/gas Factors affecting the phase ... Read More
Electro-chemical conductivity
Electro-chemical conductivity Resistance R of electrolytic solution This is the drag force experienced by ions as they migrate towards the respective electrodes. Resistance of an ... Read More
Electrolysis
Electrolysis This is the decomposition of an ionic compound in molten or solution form to its constituent elements. Mechanism of electrolysis Consider electrolysis of molten ... Read More
Electrochemical cells
Electrochemical cells When a strip of metal is placed in a solution of its ions, the metal atoms tend to ionize; ... Read More
Equilibrium in solution, Ka, Kb, Kw, Kh, Ksp,Kin
Ionic equilibrium Ionization of a weak acid A weak acid is one that is partially ionized in water. For instance a weak acid HA will ... Read More
Chemical equilibrium, Kc and Kp, factors affecting chemicals equilibrium
Chemical equilibrium It is a branch of physical chemistry that deals with reversible reactions or reactions that proceed in either direction. For example, when steam ... Read More
Thermodynamics (A-level)
Thermodynamics (A-level) Deals with energy changes in chemical reactions In most chemical reactions there is an associated energy change, shown by the evolution of heat ... Read More
Chemical Kinetics (A-level)
Chemical kinetics It is a branch of chemistry that deals with the measurement of reaction velocities/rates and determination of mechanisms by which reactants are converted ... Read More
Assexual reproduction, Bryophytes,fern, alternative generation
Patterns of reproduction Asexual reproduction This is a type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes or a combination of genetic materials ... Read More
Plant tropism, auxin, taxis, nastic movements, photoperiodism
Coordination in plants Coordination is a process of linking up the process in the body of an organism such that the various process occurs in ... Read More
Phylum Arthropoda
Arthropods General characteristics have segments bodies have exoskeleton have jointed legs they have a dorsal heart with an open vascular system They are divided into ... Read More
Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) Characteristics their bodies are flat with distinct heads. they are parasitic are hermaphrodite (have both sexes) They are triploblastic with a body ... Read More
Phylum Nematoda (round worms)
Phylum Nematoda Characteristics they are unsegmented they are laterally symmetrical have cylindrical bodies have separate sexes gaseous exchange occurs by diffusion over the body surface ... Read More
Phylum Annelida: segmented worms
Phylum Annelida: segmented worms E.g. earthworm, leech, lungworm Characteristics of segmented worms Has segmented body It is hermaphrodite Has a complete digestive system Its excretory ... Read More
Kingdom plantae, dicot, monocot, mosses, ferns
Kingdom plantae Specific objectives The learner should be able to To identify lower plants and higher plants using structural features. Name the plant groups to ... Read More