The land and management systems and practices that limit agricultural production.

• Land fragmentation hinders mechanization and agricultural production.
• Land fragmentation hinder effective delivery extension service
• Lack of land ownership prevents long term planning
• Monoculture cause soil exhaustion
• Ineffective pest and disease management reduce crop yield
• Deforestation leads soil erosion and deterioration and
• Destruction of vegetation covers for lumbering, charcoal burning etc. cause soil degradation
• Agricultural practice/activities such as use of agrochemical/fertilizers, herbicides
• Industrialization i.e. emission of industrial fumes and effluents, dumping of industrial solid wastes pollutes environment.
• Urbanization reduces agricultural land lowering agricultural production
• Urbanization provides market to agricultural produce encouraging agricultural production
• Road construction encroaches on agricultural land reducing agricultural production.
• Settlement/urbanization which creates run-off thus causing periodic flooding leading to destruction of crops.
• Bush burning destroys vegetation cover and transforms the original vegetation cover into secondary and low-quality vegetation types that cannot support livestock.
• Mining and quarrying which leave deep hollows that may harbor disease causing vectors reducing health of farmers and agricultural production
• Drilling of boreholes which destabilize the water table and soil profile leading to low agricultural production
• Poor fishing methods such as overfishing and use of poisons depletes fish from water bodies such as L. Victoria lower fish production.

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