Deflection of an electron in a magnetic field
Deflection of an electron in a magnetic field Consider an electron entering a uniform magnetic field of flux B, at right angles to its direction ... Read More
Experimental evidence for quantum theory
Experimental evidence for quantum theory Photoelectric effect: To liberate an electron from a metal surface, a quantum or packet of energy called the work function ... Read More
Photocells
The Photocells Photocells change radiation into electric current. In their construction, the anode is made thin so that it does not obstruct the incident radiation ... Read More
Photoelectric emission effect
Photoelectric emission effect In metals, atoms exists as positive ions in a sea of electrons. An electron near the surface of the metal, say A, ... Read More
Geometrical optic (light) revision questions and answers
Geometrical optic revision questions and answers 1. (a) (i) derive the relationship, for convex lens, where u is the object distance, v is the image ... Read More
Waves A-level revision questions with answers
(a) What is meant by interference pattern as applied to waves. (03marks) When two sound waves meet they superpose. The interference pattern produced depends on ... Read More
Magnetism (A-level revision questions with answers)
1. (a)(i) Write down an expression for the force on a charge, q coulombs moving with velocity, u, at an angle, α, to a uniform ... Read More
Preparation of alkenes from tertiary alkyl halides
Tertiary alkylhalides in presence of hot solution of excess alcohol and potassium hydroxide undergo elimination reaction to form alkenes. The mechanism is described as E1 ... Read More
Preparation of alkenes from primary alkyl halides
Preparation of alkenes from primary alkyl halides Primary alkyl halide react with hot solution of excess alcohol and potassium hydroxide to form alkenes. the mechanism ... Read More
Preparation of alkenes from tertiary alcohols
Preparation of alkenes from tertiary alcohols Tertiary alcohols react with hot concentrated sulphuric or phosphoric acid to give alkenes. The mechanism is described as E1 ... Read More
Preparation of alkenes from primary alcohols
Primary alcohol react with hot concentrated sulphuric or phosphoric acid to form alkenes. The mechanism is referred to as elimination bimolecular(E2) because water molecule is ... Read More
Polymerization of dienes
Polymerization of dienes Alkenes with conjugated double bond undergo polymerization to form polyalkenes with double bonds Example Please Subscribe to promote this website. Subscription is ... Read More
Polymerization of alkene
Polymerization of alkene This is the is the joining of very many small molecules called monomers to form big molecules called polymers In presence of ... Read More
Ozonolysis (reaction of ozone with alkenes)
Ozonolysis (reaction of ozone with alkenes) Ozone reacts with alkene to form unstable ozonide that is reduced by zinc in presence of hydrochloric acid to ... Read More
Reaction of alkenes with hydrogen bromide in presence of a peroxide
Reaction of alkenes with hydrogen bromide in presence of a peroxide In presence of a peroxide, alkenes react with HBr by free radial mechanisms; but ... Read More
Reaction of alkene with water
Reaction of alkene with water. The reaction is catalyzed by an acid sulphuric acid or phosphoric acid. Alcohols are produced Example 1 Ethene reacts with ... Read More
Reaction of alkenes with halogens in presence of water.
Reaction of alkenes with halogens in presence of water. The reaction is carried out by bubbling alkenes through aqueous halogens. Example Propene reacts with chlorine ... Read More
Reaction of alkenes with hydrogen halides (HX ; X = Cl, Br, I)
Reaction of alkenes with hydrogen halides (HX ; X = Cl, Br, I) The reaction is carried out by bubbling HX through alkenes. Example 1 ... Read More
Reaction of alkenes with halogens
Reaction of alkenes with halogens Halogens add across a double bond to form dihalogeno compounds. The reaction is carried out in an inert solvent like ... Read More
Reaction of alkenes with alkaline KMnO4 (potassium manganate) (VII) solution
Reaction of alkenes with alkaline KMnO4 solution Dilute alkaline KMnO4 solution convert alkenes into compound called GLYCOLS (dihydroxyl alcohols) Please Subscribe to promote this website. ... Read More
Reduction of alkenes
Reduction of alkenes They are reduced by hydrogen in presence of catalysts; nickel or platnum to alkenes Example Please Subscribe to promote this website. Subscription ... Read More
Rules for naming alkanes or nomenclature of alkanes
(a) Names of straight chain isomers alkanes Straight chain isomers are named according to the number of carbon atoms in the chain. (a) Naming branched ... Read More
What is alkyl groups?
An alkyl group is an alkane less one hydrogen atom. Examples CH4 Methane CH3- methyl group CH3CH3 Ethyl ... Read More
Names of first ten straight chain alkanes
Names of first ten straight chain alkanes Please Subscribe to promote this website. Subscription is free Share with a friend Your comment is valuable Thank ... Read More
Types of Isomerism in organic chemistry
Types of isomerism Structural isomerism Optical isomerism Structural isomerism Here compounds differ in arrangement of atoms in a compound. (a) Chain isomerism: compound have the ... Read More
What is isomerism?
what is isomerism? Isomerism is the existence of compound with the same molecular formulae but different arrangement of atoms in a compound. Please Subscribe to ... Read More
Dehydration of alcohol
Dehydration of alcohol Alcohols are dehydrated by hot concentrated sulphuric or phosphoric acid to form alkenes. The mechanisms depend on the class of alcohols. Primary ... Read More
Oxidation of alcohols
Oxidation of alcohols Alcohols are burnt in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water and heat. Due to production of heat on combustion, alcohols are used ... Read More
formation of alkylhalides from alcohols
Formation of alkyl halides from alcohols Alcohols react with a variety of reagents to yield alkyl halides. The most commonly used reagents are hydrogen halides ... Read More
Reaction of alcohols with acid anhydride to form esters.
Alcohols react with acid anhydride to form esters Example Please Subscribe to promote this website. Subscription is free Share with a friend Your comment is ... Read More
Reaction of alcohols with acid halides to form esters.
Acid halides react with alcohols to form esters. Example Ethanoyl chloride reacts with methanol to form methylethanoate Please Subscribe to promote this website. Subscription is ... Read More
Reaction of alcohols with carboxylic acids to form esters
Alcohols react with carboxylic acids in the presence of a mineral acid (phosphoric or sulphuric acid) to form esters. However, this is not a good ... Read More
Formation of ethers from alcohols
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Laboratory preparation of alcohols
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Industrial preparation of alcohols
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