Features of pre-colonial decentralized societies (1855-1914)

Pre-colonial non-centralized states in Africa, also known as decentralized or segmentary states, were characterized by the absence of a single central authority. Instead, political power was distributed among various local leaders or clans.

Examples of pre-colonial non-centralized states included:

• Igbo Society: The Igbo people in present-day Nigeria had a segmentary political system with no central government. Each village operated independently, and decisions were made through village assemblies.
• Ibibio and Ijaw: These groups also had decentralized systems, with local leaders and village assemblies playing key roles in governance.
• Maasai: The Maasai of East Africa organized themselves into age sets and clans, with decisions made collectively within these groups.

Key Features pre-colonial decentralized societies:

1. Decentralized Authority: Political power was not concentrated in a single ruler but was distributed among local leaders or elders.
2. Selection of leaders: council of elders selected the most experience brave in the clan or group usually times democratically.
3. Segmentary Organization: Society was organized into segments or clans, each with its own leader.
4. Village Democracy: Decision-making often occurred at the village level, with community assemblies playing a significant role.
5. Age-Set Systems: Age sets were common, with individuals progressing through different stages of life together.
6. Religious Influence: Religious leaders and rituals played a significant role in governance and social cohesion.
7. Flexible Alliances: Alliances between different clans or segments could be formed or dissolved based on the situation.
8. Judiciary: Clan leaders and councils of elders settled disputes
9. Land was communally owned

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