Phase equilibrium (A-level physical chemistry)
Phase equilibrium
A phase is a homogenous physical state into which a substance can exist; for example, solid, liquid and vapor/gas
Factors affecting the phase of a substance
These include temperature and pressure. By varying temperature and pressure, it is possible to convert solid into a liquid or gas and vice versa or a liquid into a gas or a gas into a liquid.
A plot of vapor pressure against the temperature of a substance in the liquid, gas or solid-state yield graphs called phase diagrams.
There are three forms of phase diagrams:
(a) Form A is shown by a substance such as water which is accompanied with a decrease in volume when they melt or accompanied with increase in volume when they solidify.
(b) Form B is shown by a substance such as benzene that is accompanied with an increase in volume when they melt
(c) Phase diagram form C is shown by a substance such as sulphur that exists in different solid form (allotropy)
At point O, all the three phases are in equilibrium and is called triple point. I.e. triple point is a point of temperature and pressure at which all three phases (solid, liquid, and vapor) are in equilibrium. The temperature and pressure corresponding to the triple point are triple point temperature and triple point pressure respectively.
The triple point temperature Tt0C and pressure (Pt) for water and carbon dioxide are given below
Substances Tt0C Pt
Water 0.0098 0.0060
Carbon dioxide -56.1 5.0
With the further rise in temperature the curve OA is obtained and this represents the conditions of temperature and pressure under which the liquid and vapor are in equilibrium.
This curve ceases at A and beyond this point the liquid and vapor are indistinguishable. This point is called the critical point and the corresponding temperature and pressure are called critical temperature (Tc0C) and critical pressure (Pc) respectively.
Example Tc0C Pc
Water 374 218
CO2 37 72.8
OB represents conditions of temperature and pressure at which solid and vapor are in equilibrium.
OC represents conditions of temperature and pressure at which liquid and solid are in equilibrium
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equilibrado de turbinas
Aparatos de equilibrado: importante para el operacion estable y eficiente de las dispositivos.
En el entorno de la innovacion moderna, donde la rendimiento y la seguridad del aparato son de suma significancia, los equipos de calibracion tienen un tarea esencial. Estos sistemas especificos estan desarrollados para calibrar y estabilizar piezas dinamicas, ya sea en dispositivos manufacturera, transportes de transporte o incluso en dispositivos domesticos.
Para los expertos en reparacion de sistemas y los tecnicos, utilizar con dispositivos de ajuste es fundamental para promover el desempeno uniforme y confiable de cualquier mecanismo giratorio. Gracias a estas soluciones avanzadas innovadoras, es posible reducir sustancialmente las movimientos, el sonido y la carga sobre los soportes, extendiendo la duracion de piezas importantes.
Igualmente trascendental es el rol que desempenan los aparatos de ajuste en la asistencia al comprador. El soporte tecnico y el reparacion permanente aplicando estos aparatos habilitan proporcionar servicios de gran excelencia, incrementando la agrado de los usuarios.
Para los responsables de emprendimientos, la inversion en unidades de calibracion y detectores puede ser esencial para aumentar la rendimiento y rendimiento de sus aparatos. Esto es sobre todo trascendental para los inversores que gestionan reducidas y modestas negocios, donde cada elemento vale.
Por otro lado, los equipos de equilibrado tienen una gran aplicacion en el area de la proteccion y el control de excelencia. Permiten detectar potenciales defectos, evitando intervenciones onerosas y averias a los equipos. Mas aun, los datos obtenidos de estos dispositivos pueden aplicarse para optimizar procedimientos y mejorar la presencia en plataformas de consulta.
Las zonas de utilizacion de los aparatos de balanceo abarcan multiples sectores, desde la fabricacion de ciclos hasta el seguimiento de la naturaleza. No afecta si se trata de grandes manufacturas de fabrica o limitados espacios de uso personal, los sistemas de balanceo son esenciales para asegurar un desempeno productivo y sin paradas.