Adaptation of xylem to its function

Adaptation of xylem to its function

(i) Lack of end walls reduces resistance to flow

(ii) Lignin makes cell walls impermeable to water that reduces water lower.

(iii) Spiral and annular thickening increases tensile strength that the vessel do not collapse under low pressure.

(iv) Presence of pits allows passage of water in and out of the lumen.

(v) Lignin strengthens vessels for support.

(vi) small tubes to increase capillarity

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