Describe the structure of the vascular system in higher plants 

The vascular system in higher plants consists of two types of vascular tissue, the xylem and phloem.

• The xylem contains two types of conducting cells: tracheid and vessel elements. Both types of conducting cells are hollow, nonliving, and lack end walls. They are connected end to end to form continuous pipelines for water and mineral salts transport. The xylem elements have lignified side walls which are perforated by numerous border pits.
• The conducting cells of phloem are sieve tubes, each associated with a companion cell. Sieve -tube cells contain cytoplasm but no nuclei. Strands of cytoplasm called plasmodesmata, extend from one cell to another through the sieve pores in the sieve plates.

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