How are vertebrates adapted to terrestrial life? 

How are vertebrates adapted to terrestrial life? 

• The vertebral column and limbs provide body support and aid in movement
• They have bones, joint, ligaments and muscle to effect movements.
• They have lungs for gaseous exchange
• The have well developed osmoregulatory organ by which loss is conserved.
• They develop impermeable cuticle to prevent water loss
• Long loop of Henle and fewer glomeruli reduce water loss through excretion
• They developed behavioural and physiological means of maintaining body temperature
• Have internal fertilization that prevent loss of sperms
• Produce shelled eggs to reduce water loss

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