How can the genetic equilibrium of a population be upset?

How can the genetic equilibrium of a population be upset?

• When there is non-random mating; this increases the likelihood of some alleles in the population especially as a result of sexual selection. Individual with certain characteristics become more likely than others to mate and successfully fertilize their gametes. Alleles held such individuals will increase in the population while the others will reduce.
• When population size is small, leading to genetic drift; in this case, changes in allele frequencies occur simply by chance. For example, it is possible for chance events such as accidental premature death prior to mating of an organism which is the sole possessor of a particular allele to result in the elimination of that allele in the population. Also it is possible for the frequency of an allele to increase population, simply by chance.
• When gene flow occurs between populations; gene flow may occur in close populations as a result of interbreeding between members of the two populations. The random introduction of new alleles into the recipient population and their removal from the donor population affects the allele frequency of both population and leads to increased genetic variation.
• When genotypes are not equally fertile so that there is a genetic load. Harmful recessive alleles usually exist in heterozygous genotypes as the genetic load of a population. Through harmful in homozygous state, they may be carried in the heterozygous genotype and confer selective advantage on the phenotype in certain environmental conditions so that they are more favored.
• In case of mutation that introduces new characteristics in a population.

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