Immiscible liquids and steam distillation (A-level physical chemistry )
Immiscible liquids
These are liquids that do not form a uniform solution but separate into two layers when mixed.
For these liquids, the total vapor pressure (Pt) is the sum of the vapor pressure of individual components at that temperature.
i.e. where PA is the vapor pressure of component A
It implies that the vapor pressure of the mixture is usually higher than that of either component and thus the boiling point of the mixture is lower than that of either component.
NB: a liquid boils when its vapor pressure equals that of the atmospheric pressure.
Steam distillation
It is a technique of separating a volatile liquid/substance that is immiscible with water from the nonvolatile component at a temperature below its boiling point by bubbling steam through the mixture
Principles of separation of mixtures by steam distillation
The substance to be separated by steam distillation should
- be volatile to separate as vapor from the nonvolatile substance,
- has relatively high molecular mass to give a reasonable amount in distillate
- immiscible with water to be separate from the distillate using a separating funnel and
- mixed with other nonvolatile components.
Since the components and water are immiscible, at any given temperature, each contributes its own vapor to the total vapor pressure of the mixture.
So the total vapor pressure of the component and water will be higher than that of either component and thus boils at a lower temperature than that of either water or the component.
Components that can be separated by steam distillation include: amino benzene, nitrobenzene, chlorobenzene, bromobebzene, e.t.c.
Advantages of steam distillation
- Distillation occurs at a temperature below the boiling point of either that of the component or that of water. This is useful if the organic compound is liable to decompose at a temperature near its normal boiling point.
- used to determine the relative molecular mass of a substance
Disadvantages of steam distillation
- The distillate will be a mixture of water and the organic liquid, thus another method of separation is required such as a separating funnel. i.e., it is not a complete separation method.
Composition of steam distillate
The ratio of the amount of the substance to that of water in the distillate is equal to the ratio of their vapors. If, are vapor pressure of A and water and are the moles of A and water in volume V of the distillate, then
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Steam distillation and immiscible liquids (upload)
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