Limitations of using per capita income in comparing standards of living between  countries

Limitations of using per capita income in comparing standards of living between  countries

  1. Differences in income distribution. Per capita income does not show the nature of income distribution   in the different countries. A country may be having  a high  level of per capita income yet there exists high levels of income inequalities
  2. Differences in  the  quality  and  composition  of goods  and  services  consumed   in  different countries.  A  country  may  be  having  a  high  per  capita  income  when  the  economy  is concentrating on the production of capital goods which do not directly contribute to the welfare of the people.
  3. Differences in the accuracy and tools used to estimate population and national income figures.   The country’s high per  capita figures may be as  a result  of  under  estimating  the population figures and over estimating national income figures and  this may not necessarily reflect better standards of living
  4. Differences in the levels of inflation (prices).The per capita income may be high when the general price level of goods and services in the country is high. This does not necessarily imply high standards of living but high cost of living in the country;
  5. Differences in the size of the subsistence sector. The per capita income figures may be low due to the existence of a large subsistence sector in the country. This is because it is difficult to include subsistence output when estimating national income. This does not necessarily imply low standards of living.
  6. Differences in production and transport costs. The per capita income may be high when the country is  High production and transport costs.  This does not imply better standards of living.
  7. Differences in the amount of leisure enjoyed in the two countries. The country may be having high per capita income figures at the expense of leisure. This leads to low standards of living
  8. Differences in non-material   benefits   enjoyed  by  the  people,   for  example  freedom  of expression and self-esteem  which is not reflected in the per capita    The per capita income figures may be high when the citizens are not allowed to freely express themselves.
  9. Differences in availability of social services like education, health   and communication services. The country’s per capita income figures may be high when social services are either of poor quality or inadequate. This does not imply better standards of living.
  10. Differences in the levels of employment. Per capita income figures may be high when there are more unemployed people in one country as compared to the other. This does not imply better standards of living in that country.
  11. Differences in tastes and preferences. The per capita income of the country may be high when the goods and services produced do not meet the tastes and preferences of the consumers.
  12. Differences in boundary of production. The per capita income of the country may be high when certain items are included in the calculation of national income and yet they are excluded from another country. This does not imply low standards of living in the country where they are excluded.  For example incomes from gambling and
  13. Differences in currencies. Countries   use different   currencies   and therefore    their per capita income   figures appear in different     A  country  may  be  having   high  per  capita  income figures  when  the exchange  rate value  of its currency  low as compared   to another  country.  This does not imply high standards of living.
  14. Differences in the methods used to measure national income. The per  capita  income   figures may  be high  when  the  country  uses  the  expenditure   approach   instead  of the  output   The  high  expenditures   may  be as a result  of the high prices  of goods  and  services  which  does not reflect  high  standards  of living.
  15. Differences in political climate between countries. The per capita income figures may be high when the country   is experiencing   political   instabilities   especially   when the country uses the expenditure   approach   of measuring   national     This does not imply better standards   of living.
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