Challenges/problems of measuring national income
(i) Income approach. Here the incomes received by factors of production are added. Such incomes include rent, salaries, wages, interest and profits.
Problems faced in using the income approach measure.
- Double counting. this means including some commodities more than once e.g. counting inventories (inputs and unfinished goods) several times at different stages
- Inadequate information. E.g. on private expenditure and income, wages in the private sector.
- Transfer payment like gifts are difficult to determine. In most cases it is not clear whether such payment are for free or for work done.
- Shortage of qualified and motivated manpower to compile data
- Imputed income such as income from owner-occupied houses and flats is a part of a person’s taxable income.
- Exclusion of Real Transactions: Examples are barter transactions and various free services rendered at personal levels such as many useful services are produced by members of households for the benefit of themselves or their families.
- Assessing value the value of leisure:
- Discount the damage to environment during production process
(ii) The expenditure approach.
Here we add up the value spending on all final goods and services. Such expenditures include consumption, investment, government expenditure and net exports.
Problems faced I using expenditure approach
- Government utilities like roads, security etc. are usually subsidized and thus it is difficult to determine their actual value.
- Net exports and income earned from abroad are not easy to determine. For example foreign exchange from smuggled output is unknown; some income earned abroad is not declared and therefore not recorded.
- There is insufficient funds and facilities to compile data
- Illegal activities e.g. prostitution, gambling, smuggling generate income which is difficult to measure.
- The effect of inflation is difficult to adjust and is likely to be misinterpreted to mean increase in output.
(iii) The product (output) approach.
In this method, all goods and services produced during the year in various industries are added up.
This is also known as value-added to GDP or GDP at the sector of origin’s cost factor. It includes the following items: agriculture and allied services; mining; development, construction, the supply of electricity, gas, and water, transport, communication, and trade; banking and industrial real estate and property ownership of residential and commercial services and public administration and defence and other services (or government services). It is, in other words, the amount of the added gross value.
Problems faced in using product (output) approach.
- Non-monetary output; commodities which are not taken to market are difficult to give value e.g. subsistence output, work done by house wives, leisure foregone when work is done, houses built by owners.
- It is difficult to determine when output was produced e.g. perennial crops.
- The effect of inflation is difficult to adjust and is likely to be misinterpreted as increase in output.
- There are difficulties of determining what to include and what to exclude (subsistence output)and determine methods of valuing different items.
- Possibility of double counting
Very nice and well explanations
$100,000 MULTI-FLIGHT TOURNAMENT AUG. 8-11 * EXCITING OTB ACTION THIS SAT. ~ $1 MILLION ARLINGTON MILLION & MORE! * CHECK OUT UPCOMING DINNER SHOWS & COMEDIANS INCLUDING RAT PACK NOW! AUG. 23, “GOUMBA JOHNNY” SIALIANO SEPT. 28 & MORE! * SPORTS BETTING IS HERE, SIGN UP NOW! Offered 7 Days a Week:$1-2 No-Limit Holdem$1-2 ROE- Round of Each$1-2-5 Pot-Limit OmahaPlease Call for Min Max Buy-ins With 12 poker tables, cocktail service, and a full dining menu, 101 Poker Club in Katy is a fantastic place to play a few hands. This poker room serves up daily Texas Holdem poker tournaments, raffles, cash giveaways, and periodic freeze out events, so each day of the week brings a little something different in this small yet popular poker room. Bring a friend for $25 chip
https://minecraftathome.com/minecrafthome/show_user.php?userid=19091903
After showing so much promise at the start of this match, Ajax have been overrun here. Their supporters are beginning to file out of the Johan Cruyff Arena. Van der Sar took the job at Ajax in 2016. His team took part in the Champions League each year, and won the Eredivisie three times and the KNVB Cup twice under his leadership. The men’s team lost the final of the KNVB Cup this year, and with a third place finish on the table will wind up in the Europa League next year. Regarded as one of the world’s all-time best goalkeepers, Van der Sar played for Ajax from 1990-1999, winning the Champions League in 1995. Tadic blasts a low shot against Barisic’s foot from the edge of the penalty area. Ajax have had 69 percent of possession and six of the seven attempts on goal. “After almost eleven years on the board, I am done. We have experienced wonderful things together, but it has also been an incredibly tough period,” Van der Sar said on Tuesday. “I am very grateful for the people I have met and worked with during my second career at Ajax, and what we have achieved and been through together. I feel the need to take some distance, to get some rest, and to do other things.”
You can help us test out new cards at the official Cards Against Humanity Lab. You can also play online at Pretend You’re Xyzzy (though we can’t promise they’ll always have the latest cards and we can’t vouch for their user-generated content). I enjoy playing on this site often – I play Hearts, Crazy 8’s, Solitaire, Golf, Freecell, Euchre, and Spades – Recently, on my IPad, I am hearing loud drums playing. Is the creator of the CardGames.io doing this? It is a little irritating – I just turn the sound down, though. Overall, I really like this App. And all the card games on it. The aim of this game is to remove as many cards as possible from the table, where the cards are laid out in a 3 peak formation. To remove cards they must be placed on a card from the draw pile which is 1 higher or 1 lower in value, this is the active card. For example, a 2 from the table can be placed on a 3 or an Ace from the draw pile. An Ace can also be placed on a King and vice versa. When a card is moved from the table to the foundation pile it becomes the new active card. If there are no possible plays, you must draw a new card from the draw pile to become the new active card. Play continues until all the cards in the draw pile have been used.
http://place-e.ru/index.php/Bubble_game_download_for_pc
In poki snake games, you’ll find several variations that add excitement and challenge to the mix. These might include special pellets that speed up or slow down your snake, or even teleport you to a different part of the screen. Ooze Odyssey can be played on your computer and mobile devices like phones and tablets. Snake vs Worms This classic arcade game challenges players to shoot and split bubbles into smaller ones until they disappear. Bubble Trouble is a favorite among casual gamers with its simple yet engaging gameplay and retro graphics. It’s simple to learn and master and can provide hours of fun or just a distraction while waiting for a friend. That’s right, you can view or contribute to the code on GitHub. This also allows you to host your own server instance. If you wish to play with just your friends, or if you want custom gameplay, the GitHub repository contains info on how to host and connect to your own instance.
For the most natural and glowing finish; Hydrate the skin and apply 2-3 minutes after your daily moisturiser. Gently pat on foundation with fingers, or use the Kjaer Weis Foundation Brush For medium to full coverage, use 2-4 pumps of foundation. Our best-selling organic & gluten-free liquid foundation is formulated to not only even out your skin and keep you looking natural and glowing, but it also improves your skin while you wear it with skin helping ingredients like thyme and chamomile. This vegan foundation also includes gluten-free vitamin E, which is rare in cosmetics as most of the time vitamin E is taken from wheat ingredients. We’d hate for someone with celiac disease to miss out on this best selling product, which is exactly why we created our gluten-free foundation and an entire line of beautiful gluten-free cosmetics!
http://www.invelos.com/UserProfile.aspx?Alias=dwordiabeencblac1974
The Essence Lash Princess False Lash Effect mascara was recommended by several big YouTubers. It is one of the cheapest mascaras you can find, and when I first put it on, I was seriously impressed. It has a traditional bristled brush that is not too large and tapers at the end. The formula was fantastic- it really lengthened, gave a lot of volume, and did not clump. However by the end of the day the mascara had smudged pretty badly under my eyebrows and also crumbled and had fallout under my eye. So while it was one of my favorites going on, it probably performed the worst of the bunch. My favorite part about using this is that my lashes look totally natural and like I got extensions rather than like I am actually wearing mascara. If I do want a more extra look, I simply layer more coats for some added thickness and drama.
Thanks again for the blog post.Much thanks again. Great.
There is visibly a package to know about this. I assume you ensured nice factors in features likewise.
What’s up, after reading thios awesome post i am ass welldelighted to share my experience here wth friends.
Im obliged for the blog post. Cool.
Awesome post.Really thank you! Want more.
I loved your blog post.Much thanks again.
I think this is a real great article post.Thanks Again. Cool.
It’s hard to come by knowledgeable people for thistopic, but you sound like you know what you’re talking about!Thanks
I really like and appreciate your article post.Thanks Again. Want more.
Say, you got a nice article post. Want more.
Thanks-a-mundo for the blog.Really looking forward to read more. Great.
I think this is a real great blog post.Really looking forward to read more. Much obliged.
Hey! Do you use Twitter? I’d like to follow youif that would be ok. I’m absolutely enjoying your blog and look forward to new updates.
Qunb providing answers for Brain Out Crazy Find Pack No 24 (Level 24) for “Give you a dessert” . So you can check below: Refine your search to find Element Flow game guides. Qunb does not have any connections with mobile games companies or crosswords publishers. Qunb only sharing clues and tips for help to users. If you are having trouble with our content, please contact us. Thanks. BRAIN OUT Level #75 To date, researchers have diagnosed CTE in 110 out of the 111 former NFL players who have donated their brains for study. That group includes five of the league’s most legendary players which we will break down for you: Words Answers » Brain Out Walkthrough The solution to this one is to make a double-move! You need to tap above and below the right blue circle you already have. This will give you a circle above and below it which gives you a tic-tac-toe! Obviously, you can’t do this in a normal game, but Brain Out doesn’t play by the rules! Here’s a visual of where you need to tap:
https://www.totalskincarebyliana.com/forum/general-discussions
Answer the trivia questions to move up the money ladder in this trivia game that is similar to the game show Who Wants To Be a Millionaire. Press Enter to skip Intro. Click PLAY GAME to start! There are no upcoming events. This license covers the casino, live casino, bingo and poker products There are no upcoming events. Kay Adams, the current host of Good Morning Football on the NFL Network, will host the game on the live app, which allows fans the chance to play in a live game beginning five minutes after the end of each episode (Eastern time). So starting at 11:05 p.m. ET 8:05 p.m. PT on nights with a new episode of Millionaire, viewers can compete to win the same amount of money the celebrities won for charity. The grand prize will then be split among all winners in each game. info@blkhutLagos, Nigeria.07006455466
I don’t even know the way I finished up here, however I assumed this post was good.I do not recognise who you might be but certainly you’re goingto a well-known blogger if you aren’t already. Cheers!
I really enjoy the post.Really looking forward to read more. Want more.
I truly appreciate this article. Fantastic.
I appreciate you sharing this blog post.Really thank you! Great.
I truly appreciate this blog.
Awesome post.Thanks Again.
Thanks-a-mundo for the blog.Thanks Again. Much obliged.
I value the article.Thanks Again. Really Cool.
This is one awesome blog.Really thank you! Fantastic.
Major thanks for the blog.Really looking forward to read more.
It has a minimum very first prize of NZ$4 million and has a ought to-be-won draw when the prize has jackpotted to NZ$50 million.
Major thanks for the blog.Really looking forward to read more. Really Great.
Fantastic blog article. Great.
I loved your article.Thanks Again. Really Cool.
عند تحربة لعبة Ace Fighter مهكرة لاول مرة سيكون اللاعبون امام فرصة تجربة مغامرة في عالم الحروب الجوية بطائرات حديثة وجديدة بشكل غير عادي. سيكون عليك القتال بقوة والتنافس بضراوة مع لاعبين آخرين. تبدأ رحلتك المثيرة بإقلاع طيارة الكلاسيكية من مدرج المطار إلى الأجواء في تحدي عالي للحفاظ على الاتجاه، للحصول على تجربة طيران حقيقية في لعبة الطيران هذه. لعبة شرطة حدود الحدود تقدم لك اللعبة شعور مختلف من حيث الفكرة والتنفيذ. لديك مهمة بوليسية في غاية الخطورة، قم بقيادة الطائرة الهلكوبتر ثم اتبع الأسهم التي ستوجهك إلى أقرب نقاط التفتيش ولكن الوقت سيحاربك لذا ضعه في حسبانك حتى لا يجعل لعبة محاكاة الهليكوبتر هذه أكثر صعوبة. يجب أن تكون محترفًا في قيادة مروحية الشرطة من خلال إكمال المهمة في الوقت المحدد. العمليات الإجرامية قد انتشرت والمدينة تحتاج الى امثالك من الابطال الشجعان.
https://www.easyuefi.com/forums/member.php?action=profile&uid=39149
تعتبر برامج مولدات الأرقام العشوائية من أهم ضمانات نزاهة وحيادية اللعب في العاب السلوت في الكازينوهات الإلكترونية، فهى تعمل على منع العاملين في الكازينو من التدخل في نواتج اللعب، وتمنع أي غش من قبل أي شخص، ولكن هذا لا يعني أنه لا يمكن خداعها أو اختراقها، وخاصة مولدات الأرقام الغير حقيقية والأكيد أنها ليست جميعها بنفس القدر من الحيادية والعدالة. لدى مولدات الأرقام العشوائية مجموعة واسعة من التطبيقات وتُستخدم في صناعات مثل الألعاب والأمان واليانصيب – ولكن يمكن أيضًا استخدامها في أكثر السيناريوهات العادية. في هذا الدليل، سنناقش ماهية مولدات الأرقام العشوائية، وكيف تعمل، وبعض الاستخدامات الأكثر شيوعًا، وكيف أصبحت.
Im obliged for the article post.Much thanks again. Much obliged.
Looking forward to reading more. Great blog post.Thanks Again. Much obliged.
I really enjoy the post. Cool.
escitalopram pronunciation is it best to take escitalopram/lexapro at night or day
The 1Win app Android is lightweight, so the process should take only a few minutes. Once done, you can install it following the steps we shall discuss soon. Then, access your account or register, make a deposit, and visit the Aviator online game lobby to play the game. Make sure you’re familiar with the game’s rules and core gameplay before you start your flying journey. Look at the Aviator live game several rounds as an observer to really understand what’s going on. You might try turning off the animation in the settings if the airplane distracts you. The core gameplay is this – gamers make bets, the plane soars, and your goal is to cash out before it flies offscreen. In the game of Aviator, to win, the player must put bets just before the aircraft takes off and cash out before it flies off the screen. The timing of the airplane’s takeoff in each round is decided by the game software using RNG. The duration of each game round is under a minute, after which new bets are placed and the flight resumes.
https://gopausa.linkeddata.es/user/diecalwollflav1989
The Aviator Game is a heart-racing adventure of timing, strategy, and luck. With access to the Aviator app, Aviator game download, and Aviator predictor tools, players have everything they need to enhance their experience. Remember to play responsibly, have fun, and know when to walk away. In their first-ever 20-over match against the Mumbai Indians, the Chennai Super Kings amassed 206 4 thanks to an incredible late surge from captain MS Dhoni, who supported solid half-centuries from Shivam Dube and Ruturaj Gaikwad. The match took place at Wankhede Stadium. With an opening partnership of 70 runs off 43 balls from Rohit Sharma and Ishan Kishan, MI got off to a spectacular start in the chase. After taking Kishan’s wicket to break the stand, Matheesha Pathirana removed Suryakumar Yadav for a duck in the ninth over. Then, MI received a lift from a 60-run partnership between Rohit and…
Together with the free Robux generator. For anyone who islate to receive an account, you can ask for a free roblox account during the opinionsFree Roblox Accounts With Robux 2021 Account And PasswordsFree Roblox Accounts
This is one awesome post.Really thank you! Really Cool.
Very good article post.Really looking forward to read more. Keep writing.
Thanks a lot for the post. Keep writing.
This is one awesome blog article.Really thank you! Fantastic.
A big thank you for your post.Really thank you! Will read on…
Very good blog. Keep writing.
I loved your blog post.Really looking forward to read more. Cool.
Major thankies for the blog article.Much thanks again. Really Cool.
I value the blog article.Thanks Again. Cool.
Im thankful for the post.Thanks Again. Will read on…
Great, thanks for sharing this blog article.Much thanks again. Really Cool.
see if there are any complaints or grievances against him.
Tienda Nº 1 en Chandal TottenhamEncontrarás cada chandal tottenham y ropa de entrenamiento de los clubs yselecciones nacionales para adultos y niños.
I appreciate you sharing this blog.Really looking forward to read more. Will read on…
amoxicillin clavulanate dosage augmentin can i give amoxicillin to my dog what is amoxicillin?
At this time I am going to do my breakfast, when having my breakfast coming yet again to read additional news.
Appreciate you sharing, great blog post.Really thank you! Really Cool.
great blog i like it ! check out this cbd gummies
Really enjoyed this blog post.Really thank you! Great.
Hi colleagues, nice post and nice urging commented here,I am actually enjoying by these.Stop by my blog post: CBD XLT Reviews
Thanks for sharing, this is a fantastic blog. Want more.
Say, you got a nice article.Thanks Again. Keep writing.
Very informative article.Really looking forward to read more. Keep writing.
Appreciate you sharing, great blog post.Really thank you! Great.
I truly appreciate this blog article. Awesome.
Really informative article post. Want more.
I truly appreciate this article post. Really Cool.
Major thankies for the blog post.Much thanks again. Much obliged.
I really liked your article.Much thanks again. Really Great.
Major thanks for the post.Thanks Again. Cool.
Wow, great article.Really thank you! Awesome.
Thanks so much for the article post.Really thank you! Awesome.
An interesting discussion is worth comment. I do think that you ought to publish more about this topic, it may not be a taboo matter but generally people do not discuss such subjects. To the next! Cheers!!
I am so grateful for your article post.Really looking forward to read more. Really Cool.
Im thankful for the article.Really looking forward to read more. Awesome.
Great, thanks for sharing this blog post.Much thanks again. Great.
Thanks a lot for the article. Really Cool.
Omaha 8, also known as Omaha Eight or Better, or Omaha high low split (‘Hi Lo’), is a split pot game. The best high hand wins half of the pot, and the best low hand wins the other half of the pot. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Once you earn 200,000 points* you’ll receive cash back with as little as 2,000 points earned plus incredible offers & discounts. Read instantly on your browser with Kindle for Web. NOTE: If you want your access restored then you must provide a valid email address where we can communicate with a human. If you provide a fake email address or an address where we can’t communicate with a human then your unblock request will be ignored. These Hi-Lo games are from leading game providers, like Hacksaw Gaming. With their growing popularity, more crypto casinos have begun developing their own Hi-Lo games and improving gameplay dynamics.
http://lernrollrhodchel1976.tearosediner.net/https-gamecs-net
JetX caters to competitive players with its statistics tab. This feature allows you to access leaderboards that highlight the top cash wins and highest multipliers obtained by players. You can customize the viewing of these prize tables to display wins by day, week, or month. Additionally, the Round X tab offers a snapshot of the highest multipliers achieved over various timeframes. This fuels the competitive spirit by showing what’s possible to win in a single round. Crash gambling fans can now enjoy JetX on their iOS and Android devices! Furthermore, it is playable on a variety of gadgets. The mobile version works smoothly and flawlessly on Mac and Windows computers, as well as iOS and Android phones and tablets. Any of these devices can be used to download and install both the Jet X demo program and the real-money version.
wow, awesome blog.Really thank you! Really Cool.
Wow, great article post.Thanks Again. Awesome.
Really appreciate you sharing this article post.Really thank you! Great.
Awesome article.Much thanks again. Awesome.
Im obliged for the blog post.Really looking forward to read more. Will read on…
Great, thanks for sharing this blog article. Fantastic.
You are a very clever person!My blog: Horacio