The way in which the structure and function of mammalian kidney is adapted for the efficient removal of waste nitrogen.

The way in which the structure and function of mammalian kidney is adapted for the efficient removal of waste nitrogen.

• Glomerular – Bowman’s complex has ability to filter blood
• Has tubules that are long and coiled providing a large surface area for efficient reabsorption
• The tubules are well supplied with blood capillaries that carry way absorbed material maintaining diffusion gradient for further absorption
• The efferent vessels are narrower than afferent vessels to build up filtration pressure
• Cells of proximal convoluted tubules possess microvilli that increase surface area for reabsorption
• The cells of proximal convoluted tubules have high number mitochondria to provide energy for reabsorption of glucose
• The loop of Henle is U-shaped to maintain high concentration of solutes in the medulla that facilitate efficient absorption of water.
• The permeability of the distal convoluted tubule to water is modified by hormones (i.e. ADH and Aldosterone) for efficient osmoregulation
• The basement of membrane of the Bowman’s capsule allows filtration of small molecules while retaining big molecules like proteins. This creates high hydrostatic pressure in blood to facilitate reabsorption of water
• The ascending limb of the Loop of Henle pumps NaCl from renal filtrate into the medulla maintaining high osmotic pressure in the medulla that facilitates reabsorption of water.
• The glomerular capillaries are highly branched to provide a large surface over which filtration occurs

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