Geography (UACE 250/2) paper 2 revision questions for Farming, livestock and fishing practices in the world

Bbosa Science 06/18/2023 22:36 1

Farming

Examine the merits and demerits of plantation farming in either Liberia or Kwazulu-Natal of South Africa. (25marks)

Candidates are expected to

define the term plantation farming
select one country/ region, identify the crop grown, where it is grown, then discuss the merits and the demerits of plantation farming.

Solution

Plantation farming as the growing of a single cash crop on large scales using scientific methods for commercial purposes and for export.

Plantation farming in Kwazulu-Natal

The crop grown is sugar cane which is grown from the coast towards the slopes of Drakensberg mountains. Sugar cane milling is done in some of the coastal parts like Durban, Shepstone, etc.
Individual milling centres include: Tongaat, Edgecombe etc.
It is run by the south African sugar Association
It is also grown by the individual out growers

Plantation farming in Liberia

The major crop is rubber. It is largely grown in Harbel and Cavalla plantations near the coast
It is owned and run by the firestone company
The merits and demerits are more less similar for both regions/countries

Merits of Plantation farming in Kwazulu-Natal

It provides employment opportunities to the people e.g. in management, agricultural officers, sugar cane cutters (Kwazulu-Natal), rubber tappers (Liberia) .They earn income and this improves their livelihood
Improvement of transport facilities e.g. roads, railways, water transport to transport finished products, labour, etc.
It promotes the development of social services e.g. schools, heath water, power, accommodation for workers, etc.
It promotes the development of industries e.g. sugar cane miles, sweet making industries in Natal. Latex mills in Liberia, etc.
Provides foreign exchange earnings through the export of finished products e.g. sugar in Natal, Rubber in Liberia.
The government earns revenue from taxation which can be invested in other sectors
It provides local products for consumption e.g. foods and beverages in Natal, rubber in Liberia
Encourages research and education
It leads to the development of urban areas e.g. Durban, Port Shepstone etc. in Natal, Cavalla, Harbel, Monrovia, etc. in Liberia

Leads to the diversification of economic activities
Promotes trade and good international relationships
Leads to acquisition of skills on modern farming methods
Encourages the development of the tourism industry.
Leads to the development on modern technology e.g. mechanization of farming, processing (value addition).
Encourages the development of out growers
Optimum utilization of large areas of land
Provision of fuel, fertilizers and electricity which is added to the national grid especially in Kwazulu-Natal

Demerits/Negative contributions of Plantation farming in Kwazulu-Natal

Pollution of the environment from the agro-chemicals, industrial wastes etc.
It leads lo soil exhaustion due to monoculture
High loses due to pests., diseases and weather vagaries
Price fluctuations affects marketing of agricultural produce
Labour strikes affect fanning operations and production
Causes food shortage due to emphasis on cash crops rather than food crops
High costs of establishing and maintenance/
Encourages rural urban migration / they are population pulling centres. This reduces the productive labour force in the rural areas.
The crops are perishable. This leads to losses
Displacement of people from their land
It leads to urbanization and its negative related effects
Repatriation of profits because they are foreign owned

(a) Differentiate between intensive and extensive farming systems

Candidates should distinguish between intensive and extensive farming.

Intensive farming

It refers to the growing of crops and rearing of animals on a limited piece of land using scientific methods of production e.g. crop rotation, use of fertilizers/ manure application, artificial insemination, use of machinery, irrigation
It is largely carried out to cater for the existing large populations which require much food.
Despite the high productivity of the land, limited output is available for export due to a high domestic demand for agricultural products.
It is largely carried out in Western Europe {Netherlands, Belgium), South Asian countries (Thailand, China).

Extensive farming

It refers to the growing of crops and rearing of animals on very large areas of land.
There is specialization in terms of the crops grown or animals reared Examples are wheat growing on the Canadian prairies, livestock farming in Argentina, sheep rearing on the veld and livestock rearing on the downs of Austria etc.
The farms are large covering thousands of hectares; a large number of workers are employed. Cultivation is highly mechanized, and mono – culture is practiced.
There is high output and it requires good storage facilities, there is usually enough domestic consumption and foreign market for the products.

(b) Account for the development of intensive farming in either Denmark or Netherlands

Intensive farming in Netherlands

Intensive farming in Netherland involves growing crops mainly horticulture (flowers, vegetables, tomatoes, onions, cucumber, cauliflower, carrots, plums, apricots, peaches, etc.), fodder and rearing of animals mostly dairy chicken, pigs and pigs.

Towns where intensive farming is carried out are Zwolle, Hook of Holland. south of Hague etc.

Intensive farming in Denmark

Intensive farming in Denmark involves growing crops mainly cereals (wheat and barley) in western Jutland, fodder crops mainly grass and maize for silage and rearing of animals mostly dairy cattle and pigs through cooperative

Factors favoring intensive farming in Netherlands (horticulture) and Denmark are more or less the same

The temperate climate of cool summers and mild winters with average temperature of 10⁰C and average rainfall of750mm favors growth of plants and rearing of animals
Presence of fairly fertile alluvial clays soils which support the quick growth of Horticultural crops like flowers, tomatoes and fodder.
Relatively flat relief the use of machines, irrigation farming and grazing of animals thus quickening the process of farming.
Availability of abundant fresh water for irrigation purposes which is easily obtained from rivers, lakes and underground water.
Ready market for agricultural products such as flowers, vegetables, milk, pork provided by a local population and rich neighboring countries such as Germany, Luxembourg. Belgium, etc.
High technology involving storage, preservation of farm products and management of farms
Presence of cooperatives that help farmers access loans, arrange market for the products, advocate for land for farming.
Presence of a highly skilled and unskilled labour to grow, harvest and market agricultural products.
High levels of research involving introduction of high yielding and quick maturing crop and animal varieties.
Supportive government policy for promotion of farming and livestock industries
Efficient transport network: roads, railways, and water canals for distribution of farm products
Political stability allows large scale investment in the in intensive farming.
Availability of adequate capital to purchase of farm gadgets, land.
Relevant education system for farming personnel

Account for the persistence of shifting cultivation in Either Zambia or Brazil. (25marks)

(Candidates should select one country either Zambia Brazil; define shifting cultivation and describe its characteristics; discuss the factors for persistence of shifting cultivation)

Solution

Shifting cultivation is a form of traditional subsistence cultivation carried out mainly in the tropical areas. It involves clearing of small pieces/tracts of land in the bush or forest using simple tools and burning, after which crops are grown for one or two seasons. When land losses fertility, the plot is abandoned and another is cleared through the same procedure. The predominantly grown crops are beans, maize, millet, yams, vegetables, etc.

Characteristics of shifting cultivation

Farm plots are cleared through cut and burning of the bushes/ trees.
Plots are small and highly scattered.
Production is for home consumption
Simple tools such as machetes \ digging sticks are used in clearing the land.
It’s practiced in regions of low and sparse population.
Farm output is supplemented by fruit gathering and hunting of wild animals.
Annual crops such as are beans, maize, millet, yams, vegetables, are grown and no cash crops
No scientific methods of farming are applied e.g. spraying.
Little attention is given to crops in the field until when they are ready for harvesting:
Once the land productivity declines, the plots are abandoned and virgin ones are cleared.

Factors for persistence of shifting cultivation are similar to both Zambia and Brazil

Existence of vast tracts of land for farming or for cultivation
The limited market for abundant agricultural commodities in remote areas of Brazil doesn’t necessitate commercial production simply because their market.
Unreliable transport facilities in remote areas to the market favor shifting cultivation due to limited commercial farming.
Limited education by some people in remote about better farming practices like plantation farming.
Limited capital to engage in commercial that require large sums of money to buy seed and farm equipment.
The communal land tenure ship system that discourages large scale
Limited skilled labour to engage in commercial farming in remote areas
Rudimentary technology /use of simple tools that cannot clear a big and for commercial farming
Steep relief in some areas cannot support large scale fanning because of problems in transporting the crops grown and the occurrence of soil.
Declining soil fertility leads to abandonment of used plots of land
Dependence on family labour limit commercial farming and favor shift cultivation
Natural hazards like foods, and drought destroy crops forcing farmers to shift to other pots of land
The system is flexible because it allows the growing a number of annual crops to feed the family
Cultural orientation to shift cultivation
Limited government intervention
It allows time for other activities such as fishing, hunting, and gathering fruits.

(a) Distinguish between intensive and extensive farming (10 marks)

Candidates should distinguish between intensive and extensive farming.

Intensive farming

It refers to the growing of crops and rearing of animals on a limited piece of land using scientific methods of production e.g. crop rotation, use of fertilizers/ manure application, artificial insemination, use of machinery, irrigation
It is largely carried out to cater for the existing large populations which require much food.
Despite the high productivity of the land, limited output is available for export due to a high domestic demand for agricultural products.
It is largely carried out in Western Europe {Netherlands, Belgium), South Asian countries (Thailand, China).

Extensive farming

It refers to the growing of crops and rearing of animals on very large areas of land.
There is specialization in terms of the crops grown or animals reared Examples are wheat growing on the Canadian prairies, livestock farming in Argentina, sheep rearing on the veld and livestock rearing on the downs of Austria etc.
The farms are large covering thousands of hectares; a large number of workers are employed. Cultivation is highly mechanized, and mono – culture is practiced.
There is high output and it requires good storage facilities, there is usually enough domestic consumption and foreign market for the products.

(b) Assess the contribution of extensive farming to the development of North America. (15 marks)

(Candidates are expected to give the positive and negative contribution of extensive farming to North America

Positive contributions of extensive farming to the development of North America

It’s a source of raw materials for the development of industries such as cotton used for the textiles industries and processing of cooking oil.
It has provided foodstuffs such as wheat from the prairies, edible oil from the cotton seeds which is consumed by the people to improve their standard of living.
It provides foreign exchange through export of wheat, cotton products etc.
It has led to development of social services such schools and health facilities.
It has led to development of transport network such as road and railway transport
Extensive fanning has led to growth of towns and ports such a Vancouver, Edmonton, Church hill, etc.
Extensive fanning has created employment opportunities to a variety of people such as farmers, transporters, technicians, marketing agents leading to improved standards of living.
Extensive fanning has led to economic diversification in North America by creating an alternative source of income, revenue from taxation and foreign exchange from exports and this is used for development.
Exportation of products from extensive farms foster international relations
Extensive fanning has Jed to acquisition of skills by the farmers through on job training such as panting harvesting, storage, technical skills like plumbing, mechanics etc.
Extensive farming has funded research into improved and high yielding seeds leading to high incomes
Extensive farming offers market for industries producing agricultural inputs such as pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, equipment like tractors, transportation vans, spraying containers thus leading to development.
Extensive fanning has promoted tourism which is a source of foreign exchange used for development in North America because tourists from within North America and other countries from the European Union tour the farms and learn about various farming techniques.
Extensive farming is a source of government revenue through taxation of farmers.

Negative contributions of extensive farming to the development of North America

The practice of monoculture such as wheat growing on the prairies has led to soil exhaustion.
The use of fertilizers to improve soil fertility and raise output or use of pesticides raises output costs.
Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides lead to environmental pollution
Development of towns due to extensive farming causes congestion, crimes and compromised standards of living.
Extensive farming requires a large sum of money to set up

Account for development of agriculture Communes in china.(25marks)

Candidates are expected to

explain communes and give examples
then explain the factors which lead to the development of agricultural communes in China.

Solution

Agricultural communes is type of farming where government organizes farmers in teams and brigades to carry out production on a government owned land where government control production, marketing and sharing of profit.

Examples of communes in China are The Henan commune, Yang tan commune etc.

Crops grown by agricultural communes in China include rice, soya bean, wheat and animals are pigs, poultry etc.

Factors that lead to development of agricultural communes in China.

Physical factors that lead to development of agricultural communes in China.

Favorable climate such as the heavy Monsoon rainfall which is evenly distributed have supported growth of a variety of crops such as rice, wheat, barley due to warm summers and mild winters. ‘
Fairly fertile alluvial soils in the Manchuria plains and the south East deposited by River Yangtze, Yellow river favoring quick growth of crops.
Availability of extensive land in both the Manchuria plain and Yangtze basin suitable for extensive farming under communes
Relatively flat/ undulating land or plains in the Yangtze basin and Manchuria allowing mechanized farming and gravitational flow of water under irrigation.
Rivers e.g. Yangtse, Aksu Rive provide water e.g. for irrigation.

Other factors that lead to development of agricultural communes in China.

Relative political stability and security provided by the Chinese armed forces and police encouraged investment and operation of the communes.
Presence of a large cheap labour of about 1.3 billion people to take part in the communes by clearing land, planting and harvesting of crops or raising livestock leading to formation of abundant teams and Brigades .
Presence of ready market for commune products like wheat, rice and beef and dairy products by a local population of 1.3 billion people in China encouraged farming on the communes.
Modem transport network e.g. roads, railways, e.g. the Hangzhou – Tianjin canal used for distribution and marketing of commune products.
Supportive communist government policy that formed and still encourages commune through subsidies, credit, etc.
Abundant permanent water supply from river Yangtze, Yellow river for irrigation farming in dry areas encouraged farming of the communes throughout the year. ·
Large sum of capital injected by the Chinese government to construct roads, canal, and storage facilities as well as provision of farm inputs like seeds, heifer and poultry.
Modern or high levels of technology such as tractors used in clearing of land such as reclaiming swamps , harvesting of crops by use of combine harvesters, ploughing and planting of crops in the Manchuria region.
Intensive research to decide the crops to be grown in a given area depending on the existing conditions, market research has enabled farmers produce high quality crops and animals.
The need to increase food production and food security to feed the big population of over a billion people formation of communes,
Presence of high leve1s of unemployment in China necessitated formation of the communes to improve people’s incomes and food supply through fanning.

(a) Differentiate between co-operative farming and collectivization (07 marks)

(Candidates are expected to differentiate between cooperative and collective farming)

Cooperative farming is where farmers with small and medium sized farms with similar interest voluntarily pull their resources together to realize increased production and greater benefits through collective purchasing of inputs, collective marketing and selling of products and collective bargaining for credit. Farmers are responsible and control their business.

Collective farming is a system of farming common in communist countries that involves voluntary or compulsory grouping of land into large units with the aim of increasing and modernizing agricultural production. The farms are owned and controlled by the state.

(b) Assess the contribution of collectivization to the development of china. (18marks)

(Candidates should explain the positive and the negative contributions of collectivization to the development of china)

Positive contributions of contribution of collectivization to the development of china.

Improved quality and quantity of agricultural produce.
The system enabled increase of cultivatable and through reclamation of flood swamps
Increased income to farmers through export of surplus produce
Encouraged value addition and increased income
Encouraged specialization and division of labour leading to increased food production
Created employment and job opportunities leading improved standard of living.
Encourages cooperation and team work resulting into increased output and security within the country.
Has led to improved research on agriculture resulting into introduction of high- breed quick maturing crop varieties like rice, barley to support China’s big population.
Encouraged easy access to the means of production e.g. Machinery, fertilizers, seeds, resulting into higher output.
Earns government revenue through taxation of the farmers. This is used to set up social facilities like; roads, schools, etc.
Diversification of economic activities to include forestry, small scale industries, fisheries, Poultry, thus encouraging a steady inflow of revenue in the economy necessary for development.
Encourages development of transport and communication networks such as roads necessary for distribution of industrial and agricultural commodities to market centres leading to development. Social infrastructure e.g. health centres, schools, etc. have been developed thus improving the people’s standard of living.
Have made it easy to offer advice to farmers on modern methods of fanning because people are collected together leading to massive development.
Making of economic decisions on what to grow, when to grow is jointly done by a committee to enable effective planning
Land consolidation was possible because of amalgamation of land. This encouraged commercial farming on a large scale so as to create food safety.
Made it easy for government to assist farmers inform of loan as an incentive to produce more leading to rapid development.
Government assists in transporting, storing and marketing of agricultural produce thus reducing the costs of production.
Individual members who show exceptional work are rewarded in kind or in cash depending on the effort put in to
boost their morale and this increased production.

Negative contribution of contribution of collectivization to the development of china.

The crops grown are sold to the state at fixed prices far below the prevailing market prices and compulsory amounts must be produced hence exploitation of farmers.
The deprivation of farm ownership and lack of competition kills the fanners’ incentive to work leading to limited output.
The state takes the bulk of the harvest and pays low wages thus exploitation of members.
They were formed hurriedly and against the wishes of the peasants. There was resistance and reforms were slow
Lack of individual security over the land discourages farmers to grow more crops.
Mono-cultural practices e.g. growing of cereals has led to soil exhaustion of collectives between those well favored areas climatically, by government or due to soil suitability e.g. there are more collectives.
Have led to pollution due to agricultural chemicals and industrialization causing health hazards to the people.
Bureaucracy delays decision making
Increased mechanization has led to unemployment hence poor standard of living of the people.

(a) Describe the characteristics of agricultural communes in China.

A commune is a large scale farm created by compulsory grouping of people into large units for improvement of quality and quantity of agricultural produce commonly in China.

Characteristics of communes are

They are state controlled and people work on the farms as employees.
They are subdivided into teams which then form a Brigade.
They are communally owned.
Each brigade has an inspector approved and responsible to the state.
Work is labour intensive:
The state determines the crops to be grown.
The state determines the quotas.
The surplus above the fixed amount is shared depending on the input.
The state provides technical and financial assistance.
They undertake processing of the produce.
They use improved farming methods
Research is carried out by the state

(b) Assess the contribution of agricultural communes to the development of China.

Positive contribution of agricultural communes to the development of China

Mass production of food crops like rice, wheat, oats, barley have led to china’s self-reliance in food requirements despite a high population.
Income from the sale of farm produce has led to improvement of the standards of living.
Foreign exchange from export of surplus produce.
Development of social service like roads, schools, health facilities, etc. from the revenues obtained taxes on the produces.
Encouraged growth of industries e.g. textiles, chemicals and farm equipment since each commune is required to possess its own processing factory. This has led to China’s rapid industrial growth in the Shenyang, Xi’an industrial centers.
Commune farmers have benefited from education and training provided by the educated commune workers. This has brought in efficiency and higher output.
Created employment opportunities to people in several fields such as mechanics, bankers, broker agents, marketing agents, veterinary doctors; and these earn income to improve their standards of living.
Encouraged team work and unity among the population which is important for political stability of China as a country.
Commune workers benefit from social services like health, education, recreational facilities in parks provided by the communes for example work normally begins with physical exercise, drills every morning for the physical, mental and health fitness of the people thus improving their standard of living.
Formerly idle land in Manchuria plains and or deserts have been put to productive use through irrigation farming thus leading to better regional development and equitable income distribution.
Encouraged economic diversification by not only engaging in crop cultivation, but livestock rearing, poultry and now mining have been taken on by communes hence a steady inflow of both local and foreign exchange leading to economic stability.
Communes have enabled all members in society to access land as a factor of Production thus eliminating poverty and creating an almost income equality population.
The communes have enabled land amalgamation resulting into mechanized agriculture for increase productivity while at the same time minimized fragmentation and its effects like land disputes, etc.
Eliminated farmers. exploitation through state control of prices which eliminated middlemen hence higher returns from the agricultural sales.

Negative contributions of agricultural communes to the development of China

Compulsory groupings of people into communes discouraged the ambitious farmers leading to reduced output.
The successful farmers before the formation of the communes lost their sovereignty and high level of incomes that they used generate and this compromised their standard of living.
Promote monoculture practices that lead to deterioration and occurrence of soil erosion which have resulted into reduced yields thus affecting the farmers’ incomes.
Encouraged destruction of the environment e.g. forests to establish communal farms and this led to loss of wildlife, encouraged occurrence of soil erosion and reduction of rainfall which have continued to affect agriculture.
State policies at times dictate growing of crops not suited to the conditions of certain areas leading to wastage of effort by commune members.
Involves a lot of bureaucracies such as what to grow, when to grow resulting into time wastage.
Led to growth of agro-based industries, textiles, flourmills with their associated problems such as pollution.
The price of the crops is fixed by the state and not market mechanism This has affected the farmers’ earnings resulting into poor standards of living.
Some fanners resisted amalgamation of their land into communes hence undermining the practice in some regions especially in the south east and Manchurian plains and this led to conflicts between the state and people resulting into imprisonment of some members.
Increased use of machines in order to realize a high output to meet the state targets has resulted into unemployment to the commune hence affecting their incomes.
Encouraged biased distribution of state assistance to the population. For example farmers who resisted communal work are not given stale assistance like subsidies, credit and this led to income inequality not good for development.
Encouraged increased government expenditure on public goods like maintenance of roads, schools, provision of security, etc.
Natural hazards like floods, drought, frost and hailstorms have affected output in some instances where communes are along river valley, coastline or in drier a in the interior and this has led to losses to the farmers.
Increased output of some crops led to negative price fluctuation thus low incomes were earned and this discourages farmers to put in a lot of effort.
Economic imbalance because all areas are not favored in terms of suitability of environment Monoculture encourages soil exhaustion.
Pollution of air, water and land e.g. by industries.
State policies dictate on what to be produced irrespective of environmental suitability.
Urbanization increased congestion, crime and other vices

(a) Distinguish between factory farming and market (10 marks)

(Candidates are expected to define and give characteristics of factory farming and market gardening)

Factory farming

is the rearing of livestock especially poultry and cattle herds.
The animals are confined to pegs or stall and are fed on balanced manufactured food stuffs.
This is carefully supervised to protect the livestock from disease, enormous amount of capital outlay is required to establish buildings, measuring devices, drugs and food stuffs etc.
It is carried out on limited land and employing limited labour but yields maximum standardized products.
The market is readily available

Market gardening

is the cultivation of vegetables, fruits, flowers and bulbs, solely for the urban market.
The farms are small and located in areas easily accessible, land is intensively farmed, and irrigation is often used.
Vegetables can grow under natural artificial glass conditions.
Soils are constantly replenished by manure and artificial fertilizers.
It is labour intensive but machines can be used during harvesting. ·
Scientific methods of farming are used There is heavy outlay of capital to establish green homes, purchase machinery; fertilizers, insecticides etc.

(b) Assess the contribution of market gardening to the development of anyone country in Western Europe. (15marks)

(A candidate must mention one country in Europe(e.g. Netherland, France, German, Norway, Denmark) and give the contributions of market gardening to its development)

Positive Contribution of market gardening to the development of German/France/Netherland/Norway/Denmark.

Provides food stuffs to the population e.g. tomatoes, cabbages. This has improved peoples standards of living.
Sources of raw materials for Agro-based industries e.g. tomatoes used in tomato sauce processing.
Provision of employment both in agriculture and Agro-based industries.
Provides Market for industrial products like machinery, fertilizers, pesticides etc.
Diversified the economy. .
Foreign exchange is earned from exports of canned fruits and vegetables. This is used for the development of infrastructures such as roads, power stations, railways, etc.
Research has been developed into resulting into development of high yielding crops.
Has necessitated the development of co-operative organizations.
Has become a tourism attraction.
Has led to acquisition of skills.
Leads to urbanization / growth of towns in areas of market gardening.
Source of alternative land use in urban proximities.
Source of government revenues.
Some of the crops grown have built resistance to pests and diseases.

Negative contributions of market gardening to the development of German/France/Netherland/Norway/Denmark.

Market gardening has resulted into over use of sub urban areas causing environmental degradation
Pollution due to use of chemicals and fertilizers
High cost of production which translates high food prices. Intensive use of mechanization caused soil compaction.
Genetically modified fruit + vegetable are known to cause certain diseases.
The scientific methods used require expensive skilled labour force.
The crops grown are at times quite vulnerable to climatic changes especially winter snows.
Constant irrigation causes saline soil

Examine the factors that have favored the development of the agricultural sector in Monsoon Asia (25marks)

(Candidates are expected to identify countries in monsoon Asia and then explain the factors that have favored agriculture in these countries)

Solution

The countries in the Monsoon Asia include Malaysia, India, China, Pakistan, Korea etc.

Due to the dense population, more intensive methods of agriculture are used.
More emphasis is put on intensive substance production.
There are basically two types of intensive subsistence farming i.e. wet-padi-rice and dry farming e.g. sorghum, soya, beans, maize and vegetables.

Favorable Factors for the development of the agricultural sector in Monsoon Asia include

Climate: the occurrence of heavy monsoon rains support agriculture i.e. water during dry sunny period helps in crop ripening.
Abundant supply of cheap labour.
Presence of numerous rivers supplies water for irrigation. e.g. river Yangtze, yellow river in the Yangtze basin and Manchuria plains allowing mechanization
Generally flat relief for easy irrigation.
Fertile alluvial soils in the river valleys and peninsulas.
Availability of adequate capital to invest in agriculture.
Use of skilled but simple appropriate technology.
Existence of large market provided by the large population.
Good government policy on land tenure system. Landlords rent land out to tenants / green room policy of agricultural modernization.
Improved transport system.
Research in agriculture.
The existence of political stability that allows free participation in agric.
Efficient processing and storage facilities.
Long culture of agriculture by Asians.
Ready market for commune products
NB: candidates should explain the above outlined points giving specific examples

Account for the decrease of shifting cultivation in tropical Africa. (25marks)

(Candidates should define shifting cultivation and describe its characteristics; discuss the factors for persistence of shifting cultivation in tropical)

Solution

Characteristics of shifting cultivation

Farm plots are cleared through cut and burning of the bushes/ trees.
Plots are small and highly scattered.
Production is for home consumption
Simple tools such as machetes \ digging sticks are used in clearing the land.
It’s practiced in regions of low and sparse population.
Farm output is supplemented by fruit gathering and hunting of wild animals.
Annual crops such as are beans, maize, millet, yams, vegetables, are grown and no cash crops
No scientific methods of farming are applied e.g. spraying.
Little attention is given to crops in the field until when they are ready for harvesting:
Once the land productivity declines, the plots are abandoned and virgin ones are cleared.

Factors for decrease of shifting cultivation in Tropical Africa

Increase in population leading to decease of available land per person.
Increase in the demand for food to meet the needs of rapidly growing population.
Introduction of perennial crops such as coffee, cocoa cotton etc that cannot be grown under shift cultivation
Education of farmers against shift cultivation
Introduction of plantation farming to grow cash crops like tea and sugar cane
The introduction of monetary economy that required surplus production.
Government policy of gazetting some land for forest and game reserve limits access to land
Changes in cultural attitudes.
Increased demand for agricultural products
Accessibility of funds for commercial farming.
Introduction of fertilizers and pesticides
Development of and tenure systems
Improvement in technology.

(a) Explain the problems faced by the Agricultural sector in South-East Asia.

(Candidates should choose one country in South-East Asia (India, Malaysia, China, Pakistani etc.), name the main agricultural activities and then state the problems facing Agriculture.)

Problems faced by the Agricultural sector in South-East Asia include

The mountainous/ragged land scape that limit agricultural activities
Poor and thin soils which limit plant growth
Harsh climate with heavy rainfall in some areas causing floods and strong winds like hurricanes, monsoon winds.
Poor drainage in some areas limits arable farming
Problems of pests, diseases and wild animals
Poor animal and crop breeds
Dense population limits land for agriculture
High cost of land and agricultural inputs
Poor transport network for carrying products to the market
Competition with other developing countries that produce similar products
Limited capital to carry out research
Political instabilities in the region
Government policies that do not prioritize agriculture
High rural urban migration that reduces labor for agriculture
Price fluctuation
Poor storage facilities

(b) Outline the steps being taken to solve the problems of Agricultural sector in South-East Asia include

Introduction of better farming methods e.g. land terracing
Introduction of high yielding improved seeds.
Conducting research to improve on crop varieties
Diversification of agricultural activities
Importation of supplementary agricultural produce
Consolidation of land and discouraging fragmentation
Maintain political stability
Irrigation farming
Improvement of social infrastructure
Revision of education system to favor agriculture.

To what extent are physical factors responsible for low level of agricultural productivity in tropical Africa? (25marks)

(Candidates examine the physical factors that have led to the owl eve of agricultural productivity in tropical Africa and then other factors)

Physical factors responsible for low level of agricultural productivity in tropical Africa

Low and unreliable rainfall such as in Northern Kenya, Northern Nigeria limits growth of crops and pastures for the animals
Rugged relief or steep landscape for example in Ethiopia discourage agricultural mechanization
Poor drainage such as floods destroy crops and animals
Poor or infertile soils in Niger, Liberia limits cultivation of crops
Occurrence of pests and diseases that destroy crops and infect animals
Poor quality crop and animal varieties e.g. Zebu cattle

Other factors responsible for low level of agricultural productivity in tropical Africa

Poor land tenure system limits effective use of land
Rural-urban migration in Nigeria, Uganda have led to scarcity of labor on farms
Political instability in Somalia, Zimbabwe discourages investment in agriculture.
Inadequate capital to purchase farm inputs
Inadequate market for agricultural produce
Cultural and religious constraint that limit farming e.g. rearing pigs by Muslims
Inadequate storage and preservation facilities lead to post harvest losses
Poor transport networks to market centres lead to losses
Unfavorable government policies that do not favor agriculture.
Inadequate skilled labour in form of extension workers and veterinary doctors to stimulate agricultural modernization
Corruption and embezzlement of agricultural funds for modernization of agriculture.
Poor technology
Inadequate research to develop resistant high yielding crops and animals

Livestock

(a) Distinguish between dairy farming and ranching

Dairy farming is the rearing of animals/ livestock for the purpose of milk and milk products such as Cheese, Butter, and Yoghurt etc. This can be earned out on a small scale or large scale. Dairy fanning is dominant in Denmark, Switzerland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Kenya etc.

A variety of dairy animal breeds are kept e.g. Ayrshire, Alderney, Friesians, jersey, Guernsey , etc.

. Whereas

Ranching is the keeping of large herds of livestock mainly for beef. Animals are kept on a defined piece of land (paddocks).

Large scale cattle ranching farms are found on the pampas (Argentina) western parts of N. America, Australia, New Zealand, Botswana etc. Other areas are Zimbabwe, Zambia, Namibia etc.

Some of the breeds include: Boran short horn, Aberdeen, Argus, Zebu etc.

(b) Explain steps taken to improve ranching either In Botswana or Argentina

Candidates should select a country but the steps being taken are more less the same

Cross breeding local breeds with Exotic breeds to obtain better animal breeds that can with stand the local environment
Research and development on cattle breeds, disease and pests and varieties etc.
Establishment of cooperatives to improve production, processing and marketing of beef and other animal products
Planting of improved varieties of pastures that are drought resistant
Scientific methods of animals/ livestock husbandry e.g. pest control, rotational grazing, pasture management, paddocking etc.
Establishment of demonstration farms as a means of extending services to the farmers.
Extension work by veterinary doctors/provision of mobile animal clinics.
Improvement of transport systems to the ranching areas
Better marketing services for beef and other related products.
Extension of loans and credit to farmers for the purchase of drugs, animals etc.
Establishment of meat processing centres or canning factories for better processing of meat
Provision of supplementary feeds for quick growth and fattening of animals
Provision of constant water supply: sinking bore boles, extending piped water ,construction of valley dams
Provision of irrigation facilities to improve pasture during drought periods
Expansion of market at home and abroad; – Regional co-operation such as European union (EU), SADC (South African Development Corporation)
Government policy of strict quality control to meet international standards
Provision of Educational programs and awareness (mass Educational and awareness)
Maintaining the carrying capacity of the land for quality animals
Training labour force to improve skills
Improvement of storage and preservation processes /facilities
Control of pests and diseases

Describe the measures being taken to improve the livestock in either Botswana or Argentina (25 marks)

Candidates should

define term livestock industry
then select one country either Batswana or Argentina and explain steps taken to improve the livestock industry.

Solution

Livestock industry is the keeping of animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, poultry, and piggery for both domestic and commercial purposes.

Botswana

In Botswana the livestock industry is based on the keeping of local-breeds which are resistant to diseases and harsh climatic conditions

They mainly rear local and improved breeds of cattle
The animals kept are predominantly for beef.
Animals kept are of poor quality due to lack of selective breeding
Demonstration farms have been set up by the government with a view of producing more livestock products of high quality.
The main demonstration farms include Kanye, Serowe, etc.
The main cattle keeping areas are mainly in the Eastern side of the country.

Argentina

Rearing of livestock is based on the pampas which is temperate grassland that supports livestock farming on extensive ranches commonly referred to as estancias

These exceed over 100 square km and they keep over 20,000 heads of cattle
Ranches are owned by large companies and business men and are managed by a manager referred to as a Gauchos or Cow boy
Ranches are scientifically managed with automatic feeding towers with veterinary surgeons who attend to the animals regularly.
The major breeds of cattle kept include: Aberdeen Angus and Herefords.
The main cattle processing centres include: Rosario, Cordoba, Santa Fe and Bahia Blanca
Ranches are purely for commercial purposes

Measures being taken to improve the livestock industry in Botswana/Argentina

Planting of improved varieties of grasses of pastures such as all Alfa alfa
Padlocking to reduce communal grazing and reduce on the spread of diseases in Botswana
Provision of water from underground and construction of valley dams to ensure constant supply for the animals
Intensified research on pasture varieties and animal breeds
Improved preservation methods and storage of beef
Aggressive marketing of animal products to capture both local and international markets
Improvements of infrastructures e.g. Roads and railways
Provision of capital and credit facilities to boost the livestock industry.
Control of pests and diseases through dipping, spraying, vaccination and quarantine
Cross breeding to improve the quality of the animals and importation of exotic breeds
Education programs and awareness to improve on cattle keeping skills of the farmers
Establishment of demonstration farms for Botswana
Maintaining the carrying capacity of the land
Establishment of processing plants/ facilities
Establishment of co – operative societies
Improvement on the technology in the management of the animals
Enhancing policy to support cattle keeping
Government policy to support cattle keeping
Provision of extension services to cattle keeping areas etc.
B candidates must mind about the Tense used

Examine the factors which favored nomadic pastoralism in the Sahel region of Africa(25 marks)

(Candidates should define the term “Nomadic pastoralism, specify the Sahel region and then describe the factors that favored nomadic pastoralism.)

Solution

Nomadic pastoralism is the practice of grazing large herd of livestock on natural pastures which involves large scale movement of people and their livestock in search of water and pasture.

The Sahel region is an area south of Sahara but North of the Savannah region of Africa; stretching from West Africa around Senegal to the horn of Africa. It passes through Senegal, Mali, Northern Nigeria, Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia etc.

The examples of the Nomads located here include:-The Fulani of West Africa, the Nuer of Sudan and Ethiopia, the Turkana of Northern Kenya etc.

Factors which have favored nomadic pastoralism in the sahel region of Africa include

The harsh climate which is semi-arid characterized with low and unreliable rainfall of less than 500mm, with marked dry season, creating the need for constant search of surface water and pasture.
Poor quality of the vegetation cover, the vegetation is scanty, dry savannah, scrub and bush land, thickets. This offers poor quality pasture with a low carrying capacity.
A large expanse of land with a limited population leaves a large area of land where migrations can take place.
The cultural tendencies of the nomads. They are adamant/ conservative. They prefer nomadism as life style.
It is a source of live hood. They depend on live stock as a source of food for subsistence.
Poor transport facilities/remoteness away from centres of modernity.
Poor soils/ infertile soils which are not very suitable for crop fanning, but can support some pastures of poor quality.
The land tenure system especially communal ownership of land provides land and allows mobility.
Existence of pests and diseases promotes mobility to avoid them.
Poor government policies e.g. lack of an effective program to develop these ares.
Poor local breeds which are low yielding but resistant to pests and diseases.
Absence of surface water promo mobility to look for water.
Low levels of education/ high levels of illiteracy.
Hostility of some of tribe discourages development projects in the region.
The plain relief favors mobility.
Limited capital resources for modernization of farming e.g. through irrigation, ranching etc.
Poor storage facilities for animal products.

Assess the contribution of co-operative farming to the development of either Kenya or Denmark. (25 marks)

(Candidates should choose one country; describe/define cooperative farming with its characteristics; then give the contribution of cooperative farming)

Solution

Cooperative farming is a group of farmers who pool their resources together in order to get maximum benefits through collective production, selling/marketing.

The land, crops and animals are jointly owned by farmers. Profits are shared according to the individual contribution of the farmer.

ln Kenya there is Kenya creameries, Cooperative coffee sector, Cooperative dairy sector.

In Denmark we have; Dairy farming.

The contributions of co-operative farming are more or less similar

Contributions of cooperative farming

Positive contributions of cooperative farming in Kenya/Denmark

Collective research/scientific methods of farming leads to improved productivity (quantity and quality) of animals and crop products.
Stimulated development of industries e.g. milk processing to produce yoghurt, cheese, butter, etc.
Government tax revenue from the sale of crops and is used for development of infrastructure like power stations, roads and other social services.
Cooperative societies are able to get farm inputs(seeds, fertilizers etc.) through bulky purchase and elimination of middlemen
Cooperative societies are able to obtain good prices through market research and bulky sales.
Government gets foreign exchange through exportation farm products.
Acquisition of skills to farmers through training offered by the extension workers and skilled cooperative members: This has 1ed to development of other sectors like mechanics, ci0J engineering firms etc.
Each farmer get extra income each year from dividends.
Exportation of farm products leads to strengthening of international relations.
High farmers’ incomes lead to high standards of living.
Have benefited the farmers through collective marketing hence higher returns due to a better bargaining
Increase production at relatively low cost due to large scale and intensive funning.
Has encouraged growth of towns by attracting a number of people living near each other near the cooperatives and this has enabled them enjoy benefits of urbanization like security, education, and market for the produce.
They have promoted tourism in the country and increased foreign exchange
Provided employment by the farms and through Agro-industries
Encourages utilization of resources such as land.
Cooperatives are able to raise adequate capital for farm inputs and equipment.
Cooperative farming encourage teamwork and fast acquisition of skills leading to specialization.
Cooperatives receive collective education cheaply

Negative contribution of cooperative farming in Kenya/Denmark

It leads to over exploitation of resources such as and resulting into soil exhaustion.
Overproductions causes a fall in prices.
Corruption and embezzlement of funds amongst the group members discourage operation of the cooperatives leading to a fall in farmers’ incomes.
Competition from other countries producing similar goods reduces profit margins.
Encourage increased government m expenditure support services like roads, railways, extension of water to cooperative farms.
Cooperative farms encourage rural urban migration leading to poor standards of living due to congestion
Cooperative farms cause pollution through damping farm wastes.
Unbalance incomes among cooperative and non-cooperative members cause social lift
Natural hazards like flood cause bigger losses to cooperative farmers due to the sizes of investment.
Cooperatives delay decision making due to bureaucracy.
It leads to retardation of personal initiative and creativity.
Conflicts can arise between the cooperatives and the government.

Explain the challenges facing commercial farming in either Nigeria or Argentina (25 marks)

(Candidates should select one country and explain the challenges/problems which affect the quality of commercial livestock farming)

The problems/challenges facing commercial farming in either Nigeria or Argentina are more or less similar

Harsh climate e.g. prolonged drought leading to shortage of water and pasture which affect the quality of the livestock.
Poor pastures (natural pastures) with a low carrying capacity and dry up easily lead to low quality livestock.
Limited market
Fluctuation of prices for livestock output.
Pests, wild animals and diseases such as ticks, fever which attack and kill the animals discourages farmers.
Poor land tenure systems e.g. commercial ownership limits grazing land thus limiting the size of ranches. Limited market for animal products externally and locally discourage large scale investment in the livestock sector.
Limited capital resources for commercial livestock farming.
Inadequate transport and communication facilities in some regions of the country/ high transport costs.
Un favourable government policies e.g. on extension services, modern farming, etc.
Increase in population has led to a reduction in the amount of size grazing land.
Political instability especially in Nigeria which affect farming activities limits investment in the livestock sector.
Limited research on modem livestock farming results into poor quality animal breeds. Poor cattle breed which yield less and poor quality products.
Poor storage facilities e.g. meat canning, refrigeration have led to waste of milk and beef
Labour is predominantly unskilled resulting into limited production.
Wild fires leading to shortage of pasture during the dry season.
Effect culture and tradition
Competition with other economic activities -such as industrialization.

Examine the factors which favored ranching on either Botswana or Argentina

(Candidate is expected to select one country and explain the factors that have favored development of ranching in that country)

Factors favoring ranching in Argentina

Physical factors favoring ranching in Argentina

Favorable marine climate characterized by moderate rainfall above 500mm and mild temperatures about 24⁰C facilitates quick growth and fattening of beef cattle.
Fertile soils that support growth of pasture e.g. alfa alfa, maize etc.
Presence of vast land that enable establishment of big ranches
Relatively flat land scape with facilitate grazing
Availability of abundant temperate grassland that provide pasture to the animals.
Presence of water provided by rivers such as collorado for animals
Resistant breeds adapted to local environment
Low incidence of pests and diseases that encourage multiplication of cattle

Other factors favoring ranching in Argentina

Availability of skilled labour from historical experience
Introduction of productive breed of cattle from Europe
Modern technology pumping water to the animals using wind and other pumps
Introduction of nutritious cattle feeds e.g. alfalfa promotes rapid growth of animas
Availability of capital to invest in ranches
Presence of market for beef and other animal products.
Relative political stability encourages investment in ranches
Supportive government policies e.g. providing land to foreign cattle farmers from New Zealand, and tax incentives.
Intensive research involving cross breeding to generate high beef producing cattle.
Developed road network to facilitate transportation of beef to the market.
Effective ranching cooperatives that trains cattle farmers better farming techniques

Factors favoring ranching in Argentina

Physical factors favoring ranching in Argentina

Low and unreliable rainfall which limit crop cultivation
Presence of vast land due to low population
Presence of flat landscape for grazing of livestock.
Demonstration ranches are set up to educate cattle farmers on efficient utilization of water

Other factors favoring ranching in Argentina

Availability of skilled labour from historical experience
Introduction of productive breed of cattle from Europe
Modern technology pumping water to the animals using wind and other pumps
Introduction of nutritious cattle feeds e.g. alfalfa promotes rapid growth of animas
Availability of capital to invest in ranches
Presence of market for beef and other animal products.
Relative political stability encourages investment in ranches
Supportive government policies e.g. providing land to foreign cattle farmers from New Zealand, and tax incentives.
Intensive research involving cross breeding to generate high beef producing cattle.
Developed road network to facilitate transportation of beef to the market.
Effective ranching cooperatives that trains cattle farmers better farming techniques

Fishing

To what extent have human influenced the development of the fishing industry in either Norway or Ghana(25marks)

(Candidates should select one country, explain the extent to which human factors have influenced the development of fishing industry and later other factors.

Norway.

Fishing is carried out in the North Sea.

The major fish species caught are: herrings, sardines, cod, haddock, mackerel

The major ports handling fish include: Bergen Stavanger, Bodo etc.

Ghana.

Fishing is carried out at the Atlantic coast and inland water bodies.

The major ports include· Tema, Sekondi-Tekoradi, Accra etc.

The major species of fish include Tuna, Sardines cod, Shapper, Barracudas etc.

The factors are more or less the same:

Human factors

Man build ships and other fishing equipment such as nets that are used in
Engineering of better processing, preservation and storage of fish.
Fishing people have long history in location fish in sea.
Supportive government policies encourage investment in fish industry
Political stability encourage investment in fishing industry
Local and internal market encourage fishing industry
Research has developed good varieties of fish
In Norway fish industry is improved through formation of cooperative that carry out market research and educate members about better fishing techniques
The use of modem fishing methods such as Trawlers, drifters, long lining and purse- seine nets have facilitated fishing activities in Norway. These tend to catch large quantities of fish within a short time period.
Presence of capital to invest in the fishing industry
Presence of skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled labour in catching fish, processing, transportation and marketing of fish.
Intensive Research is carried out in Norway; it involves fish farming as well as re-Stocking to maintain sustainable industry.
Transport network helps in transporting and distributing fish to fishing ports and market centres.
International fishing rights agreement which were agreed upon in 1964 gave Norway rights to control a fertile and large fishing territory stretching for over 19km in the North Sea.

Other factors

Norway has an extensive shallow continental shelf with abundant plankton that favors growth of fish and fishing activities.
Norway has one of the world’s longest, forded coastlines with hundreds of offshore Islands such as Lofoten islands etc.
The mountainous nature of Norway and poor soils especially in the Northern region offer are limited potentials for agricultural practices.. This has compeled people to engage in fishing as a source of livelihood.
Rivers from the interior of Norway bring nutrients into the Norwegian and North Sea and this facilitates the growth of planktons on which the fish feeds resulting into a high numbers.
Geographical location of Norway in the Northerly position, with cool waters and rather cool climate favors fishing activities.
Presence of commercial fish species such as cod, Red fish, sole and Haddock breed in cold waters.
The cool climate also makes fish preservation a lot easier.
Norway has a smooth floor in the Norwegian Sea and North Sea. This enables use of trawler nets, to catch demensal fish such as cod, haddock and plaice in large numbers.
Ice-free conditions along the fishing ports like Tromso, Trondheim, and Stavanger during the winter period favors fishing activities throughout the year.
Presence of forest which provide wood for making of boats, ship, packing boxes and for smoking of fish

Explain the contribution of fish industry either Norway or Peru

Candidates should

give brief background of the fishing industry in a chosen country
then explain the contribution of fishing industry in the country

Solution

NORWAY

Norway is the leading fishing nation in Europe accounting for approximately 5% of the total fish in the world.
Fishing employs a large section of the Norwegian people.
The major types of fish caught include Herrings, Sardines, Mackerel, Prawns, white fish. Cod etc.
The major fishing ports on the forded coastline of Norway include: Bergen, Trondheim, Stavanger, Bodo, Haugesund etc.
The major fishing grounds are North Sea North Sea, Norwegian Sea and Atlantic Ocean.

PERU

Found on the Western part of the South American continent along the Pacific Ocean coast.
It is the leading producer of fish in the tropical America.
Major fish species include Anchovy, herrings, Shell fish, Sardines and Tuna etc.
The Methods of fishing used are Drifting, Trawling, Purse-seining, long lining etc.
Fishing ports are Chimbote, Callao, Vegueta, Atico etc.
The major fishing grounds are Pacific Ocean and Inland water bodies

The contributions are more or less the same

Positive contribution of fishing industry to Peru/Norway

Fish forms a vital source of food for people. It is a source of animal proteins.
Fish and fish wastes are used as raw materials for some industries e.g. fish canning industries.·
It provides employment opportunities for the people during fishing in processing industries, trade etc.
The fishing industry provides revenue for the government e.g. through taxes paid by fishermen, traders and fishing companies.
It provides foreign exchange earnings through the export of fish and fish products.
It encourages the development of tourist industry e.g. sport fishing.
It leads to economic diversification therefore reducing overdependence on one/ other sectors.
It promotes trade which promotes good international relationships.
It has led to development of ports and urban centres e.g. Atica, Bergen, Trondheim, and Stavanger.
It leads to the development of transport facilities as roads, railway lines etc.
Encourages the development of social services as health centres, schools, piped water etc.
Encourages research and education on fish species, breeding habits, oceanography, etc. This ensures sustainability.
It leads to the improvement in the level of technology/mechanization of fishing e.g. echo-sounders.
Fishing has led to acquisition of skills of operating machines, packing, making animal feeds etc.
It is a source of medicine e.g. cod liver oil/omega
It promotes agricultural development through provision of fertilizers of animal feeds.

Negative contributions of fishing industry to Peru/Norway

Pollution of the atmosphere, land, water etc. by the fish processing industries.
It has led to the development of ports and towns like Callao, Chimbote in Peru with their related problems.
It leads to conflicts between fishing nations which share fishing grounds.
Fishing may lead to accidents on water e.g. due to bad weather; ship wrecks leading to loss of lives.
It encourages water piracy/robbery leading to loss of property and life.
It has encouraged profit repatriations leading to loss of government revenue.
It has encouraged children neglecting school especially in Peru.
It has resulted into regional imbalances with places which do not have industries such as the interior of Peru.
Depletion of forests to provide firewood for smoking fish and provision of for Boat and ship building.
Unemployment resulting from mechanization of fishing operations.
Over fishing which lead to depletion of water resources.

Asses the contribution of fishing industry in either Sweden or Angola

Candidates are expected to

fishing grounds
types of fish
fishing ports
methods of fishing used
the explain the contribution of fishing industry to either of the country selected

Sweden

Fishing grounds are Baltic Sea , North sea, Norwegian sea
Rivers include: Umealven, Pitealven, kalixalven etc.
Lakes include: Vanern, Vattern etc.
Fish types include Salmon, Arctic char, trout, pike etc.cod,
Ports are Gothenburg, Malmo, Gavle, Stockholm, Uppsala etc.
Fishing methods are drifting, trawling, purse seining, etc.

Angola

Fishing grounds are Atlantic Ocean
Rivers are Cubango, Cuando , Cuanza etc.
Ports are Luanda, Porto Amboim, Lobito, Banguela, Namibe, etc.
Fish species are Anchovies Tuna, ocean perch, pilchard, stock fish etc.

The contributions of fishing industry in either Sweden or Angola are more or less the same

Positive contribution

Fish forms a vital source of food for people. It is a source of animal proteins.
Fish and fish wastes are used as raw materials for some industries e.g. fish canning industries.·
It provides employment opportunities for the people during fishing in processing industries, trade etc.
The fishing industry provides revenue for the government e.g. through taxes paid by fishermen, traders and fishing companies.
It provides foreign exchange earnings through the export of fish and fish products.
It encourages the development of tourist industry e.g. sport fishing.
It leads to economic diversification therefore reducing overdependence on one/ other sectors.
It promotes trade which promotes good international relationships.
It has led to development of ports and urban centres e.g. Atica, Bergen, Trondheim, and Stavanger.
It leads to the development of transport facilities as roads, railway lines etc.
Encourages the development of social services as health centres, schools, piped water etc.
Encourages research and education on fish species, breeding habits, oceanography, etc. This ensures sustainability.
It leads to the improvement in the level of technology/mechanization of fishing e.g. echo-sounders.
Fishing has led to acquisition of skills of operating machines, packing, making animal feeds etc.
It is a source of medicine e.g. cod liver oil/omega
It promotes agricultural development through provision of fertilizers of animal feeds.

Negative contributions

Pollution of the atmosphere, land, water etc. by the fish processing industries.
It has led to the development of ports and towns with their related problems.
It leads to conflicts between fishing nations which share fishing grounds.
Fishing may lead to accidents on water e.g. due to bad weather; ship wrecks leading to loss of lives.
It encourages water piracy/robbery leading to loss of property and life.
It has encouraged profit repatriations leading to loss of government revenue.
It has encouraged children neglecting school especially in Peru.
It has resulted into regional imbalances with places which do not have industries such as the interior of Peru.
Depletion of forests to provide firewood for smoking fish and provision of for Boat and ship building.
Unemployment resulting from mechanization of fishing operations.
Over fishing which lead to depletion of water resources.

The development of the fishing industry in the main fresh waters of Africa has been mainly limited by low levels of technology. Discuss. (25 marks)

Candidates should explain

how low level of technology has limited fishing industry in the inland waters of Africa.
other factors that have limited fishing industry in the inland waters of Africa

Possible answers

Low level of technology has limited fishing industry in the inland waters of Africa in the following ways:-

Use of elementary tools like hooks, arrows, basket traps, spars which lead to limited catch in rivers, lakes and swamps.
Indiscriminate fishing methods/gears lead to depletion of fish stock from lakes such as L. Victoria
Use of undersized nets catch immature fish on L Albert, Victoria, George and .Edward limits growth of the young fish such as Tilapia, Nile perch leading to fish scarcity.
Fish poisoning / electrocution on L. Victoria leads to depletion of fish quantities and reduced demand for Africa fish on the world market.
Use of poor fish preservation methods like sun drying, smoking at Lwampanga, Kagwara landing sites on L. Kyoga leads to high post-harvest losses leading to low income.
Limited research to develop fishing activities.
Lack of big fishing vessels limits deep fishing
Poor transport facilities from fishing ports affects fish distribution to market centres.

Other factors

Hot tropic climate affects both fish preservation as well as growth of plankton in countries like Mauritania and Somalia . .
Limited off shore Islands limits deep Sea fishing for example along Liberia, Sierra Leone etc.
Africa has great potentials for agricultural activities due to fertile soils and equatorial reliable rainfall in DRC, Cameroon, Nigeria, etc. There is hence little need for fishing activities.
Limited numbers of commercial fish species such as Cod, Tuna. etc.
Political instability in most countries like Liberia. Sierra Leone, Zimbabwe, Morocco, Algeria, Somalia.
Limited capital in Zimbabwe, Congo and Nigeria.
Limited skilled labour in most countries like Ivory Coast, Liberia.
Insecurity along fishing grounds such as pirates, thieves along the coast of Somalia, Namibia, etc.
Weak government policies fish smuggling, over-fishing and indiscriminate fishing etc.
Competition with developed fishing nations such as Norway, Japan.
Waterfalls, rapids and rocks along rivers like river Congo, Nile, etc.
Predator fish species like Nile perch which has eaten smaller fish species like
Invasion of the water hyacinth on fishing grounds like Lake Victoria, river Congo, Nile, Black Volta, Lake Volta. This chokes fish to death and limits movement of fish vessels.

With reference to specific examples, explain the problems facing the fishing industry in tropical Africa (25 marks)

(Candidates should identify the tropical areas of Africa, name some countries which carry out fishing in tropical Africa and then bring out the problems facing the fish industry in tropical Africa.)

The tropical area of Africa is located between tropic of cancer (23½⁰ N) and tropic of Capricorn (23½⁰ S). The countries that carry out fishing in tropical Africa include; Namibia, Nigeria. Angola, Mozambique, Somalia Ghana, Senegal, Kenya, Uganda Tanzania. Congo Brazzaville, Cameroon etc.

Problems/ Factors affecting fishing in tropical Africa.

Physical factors

Limited continental shelf along most countries like Mozambique.
Hot tropical climate affects both fish preservation as well as growth of plankton in countries like Mauritania, Somalia
Limited indented coastline limits development of fishing ports in most countries like Ivory Coast and Cameroon
Limited off shore Islands limits deep Sea fishing for example along Liberia, Sierra Leone etc.
Warm Mozambique current bring hot temperatures along the Eastern Coastline of Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique hence limiting fishing. It affects the growth of plankton.
Presence of coral reefs along the eastern coastline affecting fishing in Kenya, Mozambique. Tanzania,
Africa has great potentials for agricultural activities due to fertile soils and equatorial reliable rainfall in DRC, Cameroon, Nigeria, etc. there is hence little need for fishing activities.
Limited numbers of commercial fish species such as cod, Tuna, etc.
Steep escarpments especially along the rift valley/ lakes.,

Other factors

Political instability in most countries like Liberia, Sierra Leone, Zimbabwe, Morocco, Algeria, Somalia.
Limited capital in in most of the African countries such as Zimbabwe, Congo and Nigeria.
Poor transport facilities from fishing ports affects fish distribution to market centres
Poor preservation methods such as frying, salting with limited use of freezers.
Poor and small fishing vessels such as boats limit deep fishing
Poor fishing methods like hooks, basket traps used in Congo, Liberia, Ghana.
Poor technology, hence limited fish caught.
Limited skilled labour in most countries like Ivory Coast, Liberia.
Insecurity along fishing grounds such as pirates, thieves along the coast of Somalia, Namibia, etc.
Weak government policies encourage fish smuggling, over-fishing and indiscriminate fishing etc.
Limited research to develop fishing activities. This affects sustainability.
Competition from developed fishing nations such as Norway, Japan.
Waterfalls, rapids and rocks along rivers like river Congo, Nile, etc.
Predator species like Nile perch which has eaten smaller fish species like tilapia.
Invasion of water hyacinth on fishing grounds Li.ke Victoria, Lake Kyoga, L. Volta etc. which chokes fish to death and limits movement of fish vessels.
Domination of foreign fishing companies leading to profit repatriation
Over fishing leading to the decline in the quantity of fish stocks
Pollution of water bodies leading to the death of aquatic life
Poor Government policies on modernization of the fishing industry
Competition from other sectors e.g. Agriculture, mining, etc. that affect the quantity of labour
High rates of accidents scares off labour
Effect of cultural beliefs where by some tribal groups do not eat fish or certain species
Territorial conflicts especially on the shared water bodies.
Piracy/ robberies on water bodies scar e off fishermen.
Limited numbers of fishing co-operative organizations to enhance fishing and marketing

Assess the contribution of the fishing industry to the development of either China or Peru (25 marks)

Candidates should choose one country and explain

Location or where the country is
Fishing grounds.
Types of fish
Methods of fishing.
Fishing ports
Then give the positive and negative contributions.

Solution

China.

Is found on the Eastern part of the Asian continent
The fishing grounds are the North West pacific/ East China Sea, Yellow sea, South China Sea, etc.
The rivers include Yangtze river, Yellow river, Tarim river etc.
The fish types caught are silver carp, salmons, cods, Herrings. Bonito, Sardines etc.
The fishing methods used are trawling, drifting, purse-seining etc.
Major fishing ports include Hankou, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Beihai etc.

Peru.

Found on the Western part of the south American continent along the Pacific Ocean coast as the major fishing ground.
Major fish species include Anchovy, herrings, Shell fish, Sardines, Tuna etc.
The Methods of fishing used are drifting/drift nets, Trawler nets, purse-seining, long lining etc. Fishing ports are Chimbote, Callao, Vegueta, Atica etc.

The contributions are more or less the same

Positive contribution

Fish forms a vital source of food for people. It is a source of animal proteins.
Fish and fish wastes are used as raw materials for some industries e.g. fish canning industries.·
It provides employment opportunities for the people during fishing in processing industries, trade etc.
The fishing industry provides revenue for the government e.g. through taxes paid by fishermen, traders and fishing companies.
It provides foreign exchange earnings through the export of fish and fish products.
It encourages the development of tourist industry e.g. sport fishing.
It leads to economic diversification therefore reducing overdependence on one/ other sectors.
It promotes trade which promotes good international relationships.
It has led to development of ports and urban centres providing market for fish, security and improved social services.
It leads to the development of transport facilities as roads, railway lines etc.
Encourages the development of social services as health centres, schools, piped water etc.
Encourages research and education on fish species, breeding habits, oceanography, etc. This ensures sustainability.
It leads to the improvement in the level of technology/mechanization of fishing e.g. echo-sounders.
Fishing has led to acquisition of skills of operating machines, packing, making animal feeds etc.
It is a source of medicine e.g. cod liver oil/omega
It promotes agricultural development through provision of fertilizers of animal feeds.

Negative contributions

Pollution of the atmosphere, land, water etc. by the fish processing industries.
It has led to the development of ports and towns with their related problems.
It leads to conflicts between fishing nations which share fishing grounds.
Fishing may lead to accidents on water e.g. due to bad weather; ship wrecks leading to loss of lives.
It encourages water piracy/robbery leading to loss of property and life.
It has encouraged profit repatriations leading to loss of government revenue.
It has encouraged children neglecting school especially in Peru.
It has resulted into regional imbalances with places which do not have industries such as the interior of the countries
Depletion of forests to provide firewood for smoking fish and provision of for Boat and ship building.
Unemployment resulting from mechanization of fishing operations.
Over fishing which lead to depletion of water resources.

Explain the factors that have favored the development of the fishing industry in either Namibia or Japan. (25marks)

(Candidates should select one of the countries either Namibia or Japan then explain the factors that favored the development of the fishing industry.)

Namibia

Its fishing ground is located in the South East Atlantic ocean.
The main fish species caught are haddock, sardines, mackerel, pilchards, , tuna, and cape hake.
The main ports are Walvis Bay, Swakopmund.

Factors favoring fishing in Namibia

Physical factors

Long and indented Coastline that offers sheltered grounds for development of fishing ports e.g. Walvis Bay, Luderitz.
Existence of a variety of fish species such as haddock, sardines, mackerel, pilchards, Anchovies, as well crustaceans, shell fish & seaweeds .
Extensive continental shelf extending for over 200 kilometers provides shallow waters for fishing activities.
The cold Benguela current along the western coast of Namibia creates good conditions for growth of plankton on which fish feeds. This in turn attracts a lot of fish in the area.
The arid climate of the Kalahari Desert in Namibia has driven people to the coast to carry out fishing.
Tropical forests along the coast of Namibia provide timber for both boat construction & fish packing boxes.
The cool temperate climate of Namibia during winter Season favors fish preservation under Natural conditions. It’s also favorable for most fish species such as Hake, pilchards etc.
The bays at the South African coast provide sheltered sites for development of fishing villages & Natural harbors. These include Walvis Bays, Cape peninsula, Saldanha Bay and False Bay.
Presence of a smooth ocean floor along the Namibia fishing ground within the Atlantic ocean enables use of commercial fishing Nets such as Trawlers & seines.

Other factors

Existence of skilled labour due to presence of education institutions where fishing is taught For example the Namibia marine & fisheries institute (NAMFI) at Walvis Bay offers different fishing courses such as the fisheries inspectors & observers’ course. These regulate fish extraction, safety as well as fish breeding.
Large sums of capital from Diamond & Gold sales and foreign investors such as Russians, Koreans & Japanese have been invested in the fishing sector in Namibia.
Intensive research to develop the fishing industry has been done. Research centers are found at Swakopmund i.e. the National marine information research center.
Developed transport Network in form of railways & roads radiate from fish ports of Walvis Bay, Luderitz in Namibia to market centers like Pretoria, Wind Hock, etc.
Namibia has applied modem technology in the fishing sector. This includes use of Mega ships with on board refrigeration and processing facilities. Vessels are also equipped with satellite equipment, sonar, flashers, fishing costumes, artificial fish attractants.
Most settlements in Namibia are found along Luderitz, Walvis Bay, Banguela and Lobito. This has made people seafaring by tradition hence favoring fishing.
Supportive government policy to develop the Namibian fishing industry This involves prohibition of illegal foreign international fishing fleets from Russia, Korea and Japan within a radius of 200 miles from the Namibian waters. Navigation patrols by police & army is done to control pirates & theft along the Atlantic Ocean.
Re-stocking with reduced fish species such as sole, Anchovies is also done to ensure sustainability.
Relative political stability in Namibia has attracted several fishing companies to develop the fishing industry. Examples are Namibian fishing industries Ltd ( Nam fish) in S. Africa, Benguela sea products at Walvis Bay etc.
Presence of a variety of fishing grounds including fresh water fishing grounds such as Orange River. Vaal River, etc.
Technical assistance provided for by the German agency for technical co-operation.

Japan.

The fishing ports are Yokohama. Nagoya. NagaSaki etc.
Its fishing ground is located in the North west pacific. Fishing is largely carried out in the Sea of Japan, the Yellow sea, sea of Okhotsk, the Bering Sea etc.
The major fish species caught include Tuna, Bonito, sardine, Herring, Mackerel, Salmon, whales etc.

Physical factors

Japan is made up of over 3000 Islands including Kyushu, Shikoku, Hokkaido Islands and this has made the Japanese a traditionally Seafaring people equipped with adequate fishing knowledge necessary to encourage commercial fishing.
Broad continental shelf of the North West pacific which offers a wider fishing zone constituting the Sea of Japan, Sea of Philippine with plenty of plankton that favors fish multiplication.
Japan has a long and indented Coastline with Numerous bays & sheltered inlets extending for over 29,750 km that favors good sites for development of abundant fishing villages & ports such as Ise Bay, Osaka bay enables the catching of abundant fish species.
Shallow waters and meeting of the warm Kuroshio and rold Oyashio currents helps to produce Ideal conditions for plankton growth hence presence of abundant fish species.
The warm Kurushio that washes the Japanese Coastlines creates Ice-free conditions hence facilitating fishing activities throughout the year around Osaka , lse bay etc.
Japan is a mountainous country with limited land for agriculture. This has made fishing the possible source of protein food supplying 60% of animal proteins in the Japanese diet for example along the Hokkaido, Shikoku Islands.
Japan has a successful forestry industry for example within the Honshu region. This has supplied a lot of timber for Construction of fishing boats, barrels and fish packaging boxes.
The relatively Smooth Sea floor along the Sea of Japan has facilitated use of both pelagic & demersal fishing methods such as Trawlers, Drifters which catches abundant fish species to support a flourishing fishing industry
Existence of a variety of fish species in the Sea of Japan such as Herring Sardines, Shellfish, Salmon, mackerel, Bonito, Tuna & crustaceans including lobsters & crabs.
The cool temperate Climate of Japan not only favors existence of abundant fish sea fishing species such as Cod, but also helps to preserve fish under natural conditions and enables deep sea fishing with minimal costs.

Other factors

Large sums of capital in form of aid from U.S.A after the Second World War was invested in fishing and other industries of Japan It was used to establish processing factories, develop fishing vessels, acquire fishing technology like trawlers, seine nets and develop fish handling ports and facilities.
Japan has a successful ship building industry at Honshu industrial region. The Japanese deep sea fishing vessels are equipped with on board processing Canneries, Ties. Fish caught such as salmon, Tuna are processed on the spot and exported on the world market.
Japan has a big market for fish from its local big population and exports to European countries
Japan’s high population provides enough skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled labour in the fishing industry
Intensive research in the fishing industry provide good fish varieties and processing procedures that minimize wastage
High technology enables Japan to fish far and deep in the Oceans to get abundant fish
Political stability has enabled investment in the fishing industry
Favorable government policies deter fishing vices and encourage restocking to enable sustainability of the industry.
Efficient transport system to distribution of fish and fish products to the market
Use of highly modem and efficient fishing methods such as trawlers, Seine Nets, Drifters in the Sea of Japan, have led to catching of abundant fish species to support large scale fishing.
Existence of hundreds of fish processing and refrigeration plants all over Japan for example at Osaka, Nagoya, Hokkaido has facilitated the development of the fishing industry by processing fish into fish meal, fish oil, fertilizers
Japan is a mountainous country with poor soils with limited economically viable alternatives. This makes people tum to fishing at Hokadate, Yokohama, Osaka, Nagoya for a living thereby providing abundant fish for development of the fishing industry.

To what extent bas low level of technology limited the development of the fishing industry in either Angola or Peru? (25 marks)

Candidates should explain

how low level of technology has limited fishing industry in the inland waters of Africa.
other factors that have limited fishing industry in the inland waters of Africa

Possible answers

The extent to which technology has limited the fishing industry both countries is more or less the same.

Use of elementary tools like hooks, arrows, basket traps, spars which lead to limited catch in rivers, lakes and swamps.
Indiscriminate fishing methods/gears lead to depletion of fish stock from lakes
Use of undersized nets catch immature fish leading to fish scarcity.
Fish poisoning / electrocution on L. Victoria leads to depletion of fish quantities and reduced demand for Africa fish on the world market.
Use of poor fish preservation methods like sun drying, smoking leads to high post-harvest losses leading to low income.
Limited research to develop fishing activities.
Lack of big fishing vessels limits deep fishing
Poor transport facilities from fishing ports affects fish distribution to market centres.

Other factors

Limited off shore Islands limits deep Sea fishing.
Limited numbers of commercial fish species.
Political instability in most countries discourage investment in the fishing industry
Lack of capital to invest in the fishing industry
Limited skilled labour to enable productive fishing
Accidents on water
Weak government policies fish smuggling, over-fishing and indiscriminate fishing etc. leading to depletion of fish
Competition for market from developed fishing nations such as Norway, Japan.
Investment by foreign countries lead to profit repatriation
Limited internal market for fish.
Water pollution leading to death of fish
Climate change in Peru affect fishing industry.

Explain the importance of the fishing industry in the development of either Norway or (25 marks)

(Candidates are expected to reflect on the status of fishing in the country selected, bring out the main fish species and fishing grounds)

Importance of fishing

NORWAY

Positive contributions

Fishing in Norway is a major source of government revenue used for development.
A lot of foreign exchange is earned through fish exports to countries like USA, Spain, middle East, China, · and other European countries.
A Wide range of Infrastructure has been developed due to the fishing industry. These include modern roads and railways that link to major fish villages and ports such as Haugesund, Bergen, Stavanger.
Fishing in Norway has led urbanization. Modem fishing ports such as Trondheim, Tromso; and Stavanger have been developed
Fishing industry provides employment to the people. Some work as fishermen, others are involved in fish processing, distribution, sales etc.
Fishing has encouraged resource utilization in Norway. For example the temperate and coniferous forests are exploited to get fire wood for fish smoking, crafting of small boats and market stalls.
International cooperation and trade have been promoted between Norway and other countries that import fish from Norway. These include U.S.A. Saudi Arabia, German, France and others.
Have promoted industrialization such as fish processing and canning factories
Fish promotes economic diversification as alternative source of revenue.
Fishing is a source of agricultural fertilizers. The inferior and undersized or less Nourishing and palatable fish species such as Capelin, are converted into fish meal for animal feeding, or processed into agricultural manure. Such fish meals have boosted fish farming in ponds.
Have promoted tourism especially along the ports of Tromso, Trondheim and Stavanger. Game fishing promotes by the tourists fishing in North Sea and Norwegian Sea. This has brought in lots of foreign exchange to develop the country.
Fishing in Norway is a major source of medicine such as INSULIN for curing diabetes as well as Cod liver oil for curing a variety of ailments.
Research and education have been promoted by the fishing industry. Such research involves introduction of fish farming, restocking of North Sea, processing of fish skin into expensive handbags and shoes as well as introduction of Non-indigenous fish species.
There has been acquisition of skills to the people involved in fishing. Such skills include marine activities like deep sea diving, modem fish preserving and processing techniques such as canning, detection of fish shoals under the water.
There has been development of marine technology involving ship building at Tromso, Aqua-culture equipment e.g. Automatic feeders, feeding Robots, Logging systems, diffusers some of which are manufactured by STORVIK Aqua;
Most importantly the fish industry provides fish which is a major delicacy / food stuff to the population.

Negative contributions

Water pollution from oil spillage from ships and damping.
Over fishing leading to fish depletion and increased costs of obtaining fish
The high cost of fishing equipment e.g. drifters, Trawlers and high running costs involved in fish preservation, processing and marketing
Emergence of urban related problems like congestion, crime etc.in fishing villages like the port of Stavanger.
Deforestation due to use of wood in ship construction and fish preservation.
Unemployment levels due to use of capital intensive techniques in fish industry.
Competition from major fish producers such as China, Japan, India, Denmark has led to price fluctuation and hence reduction of total revenue earned from the fishing industry.
Encroachment of territorial waters from other countries like Denmark, Spain, Portugal, Finland bas created tension and conflict amongst the fishing Nations.
Accidents and death of water during fishing
Profit repatriation by foreign firms.

PERU

Positive contributions.

Fish forms a vital source of food for people. It is a source of animal proteins.
Fish and fish wastes are used raw materials for some industries e.g. animal feeds industries.
It provides employment opportunities for the people during fishing in processing industries, trade etc.
The fishing industry provides revenue for the government e.g. through taxes paid by fishermen, traders and fisl.ti.ng companies.
It provides foreign exchange earnings through the export of fish and fish products.
Encourages the development of the tourist industry e.g. sport fishing.
It leads to economic diversification therefore reducing over dependence on other sectors.
It promotes trade which promotes good international relationships.
It has led to development of ports and urban centres e.g. Hongkong, Nigbo and Atica.
It leads to the development of transport facilities as roads, railway lines etc.
Encourages the development of social services as health centres, schools, piped water etc. Encourages research and education on fish species, breeding habits etc. This ensures sustainability.
it lead to the improvement in the level of technology/ mechanization of fishing e.g. echo-sounders.
Fishing has led to acquisition of skills of operating machines, packing, making animal feeds etc.
It is a source of medicine e.g. cod liver oil
It promotes agricultural development through provision of fertilizers of animal feeds.

Negative contributions.

Pollution of the atmosphere, land, water etc. by the fish processing industries.
It has led to the development of ports and towns like Callao, Chimbote in Peru with their related problems.
It leads to conflicts between fishing nations which share fishing grounds.
Fishing may lead to accidents on water e.g. due to bad weather, ship wrecks leading to loss of lives.
It encourages water piracy/robber/ leading to loss of property and life.
It has encouraged profit repatriations leading to loss of government revenue.
It has encouraged children neglecting school especially in Peru,
It has resulted into regional imbalance with places which do not have industries such as the interior of Peru.
Depletion of forests to provide firewood for smoking fish and provision of limber for Boat and ship building.
Unemployment resulting from mechanization of fishing operations

Assess factors influenced the development of the fishing industry in either Norway or Chile (25marks)

(Candidates should select one contry, expain the extent to which human factors have influenced the development of fishing industry and later other factors.

Norway.

Fishing is carried out in the North Sea.

The major fish species caught are: herrings, sardines, cod, haddock, mackerel

The major ports handling fish include: Bergen Stavanger, Trondle, Bodo etc.

Chile

Fishing is carried out at the Atlantic coast and inland water bodies.

The major ports include· Arica, Iquique, Antofogasta etc.

The major species of fish include mackerel, Sardines, Herring etc..

Norway

Physical factors

Norway has an extensive shallow continental shelf with abundant plankton that favors growth of fish and fishing activities.
Norway has one of the world’s longest, forded coastlines with hundreds of offshore Islands such as Lofoten islands etc.
The mountainous nature of Norway and poor soils especially in the Northern region offer are limited potentials for agricultural practices. This has compelled people to engage in fishing as a source of livelihood.
Rivers from the interior of Norway bring nutrients into the Norwegian and North Sea and this facilitates the growth of planktons on which the fish feeds resulting into a high numbers.
Geographical location of Norway in the Northerly position, with cool waters and rather cool climate favors fishing activities.
Presence of commercial fish species such as cod, Red fish, sole and Haddock breed in cold waters.
The cool climate also makes fish preservation a lot easier.
Norway has a smooth floor in the Norwegian Sea and North Sea. This enables use of trawler nets, to catch demensal fish such as cod, haddock and plaice in large numbers.
Ice-free conditions along the fishing ports like Tromso, Trondheim, and Stavanger during the winter period favors fishing activities throughout the year.
Presence of forest which provide wood for making of boats, ship, packing boxes and for smoking of fish

Human factors

Man built ships and other fishing equipment such as nets that are used in
Engineering of better processing, preservation and storage of fish.
Fishing people have long history in location fish in sea.
Supportive government policies encourage investment in fish industry
Political stability encourage investment in fishing industry
Local and internal market encourage fishing industry
Research has developed good varieties of fish
In Norway fish industry is improved through formation of cooperative that carry out market research and educate members about better fishing techniques
The use of modem fishing methods such as Trawlers, drifters, long lining and purse- seine nets have facilitated fishing activities in Norway. These tend to catch large quantities of fish within a short time period.
Presence of capital to invest in the fishing industry
Presence of skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled labour in catching fish, processing, transportation and marketing of fish.
Intensive Research is carried out in Norway; it involves fish farming as well as re-Stocking to maintain sustainable industry.
Transport network helps in transporting and distributing fish to fishing ports and market centres.
International fishing rights agreement which were agreed upon in 1964 gave Norway rights to control a fertile and large fishing territory stretching for over 19km in the North Sea.

Chile

Physical factors

Chile has the longest coastline in the world favoring fishing activities
Chile has a highly indented coastline with sheltered inlets and bays that offer good sites for development of fishing ports.
Chile has thousands of Islands that enable offshore fishing.
Dry climate discourages agriculture forcing people to the sea for survival
Tropical rainforests in east provide timber for making fishing vessels and smoking of fish.
The cool temperate climate and frozen glaciers in the southern regions offer opportunities for fish preservation
Existence of large variety of commercial fish e.g. mackerel, sardine etc. for fish meals, fish oils and fertilizers.
Cool Humboldt Current creates ideal conditions for growth of plankton and fish breeding.
Historical experience in fishing industry
Very large exclusive Economic Zone over which Chile carry out fishing

Other factors

Existence of better preservation and storage method such as canning and refrigeration.
Presence of capital to invest in fishing industry
Relative political stability that allowed investment in fishing industry
Modern transport network that facilitate distribution of fish to the market
Existence of all forms of labors
Intensive research in the fishing industry
Use of modern technology in the catching fish, processing, storage etc.
Efficient cooperatives that teach farmers modern method of fishing
Large local and international market for fish
Supportive government policies towards fishing industry

To what extent have physical factors contributed to the development of fishing industry in either Namibia or Japan

(Candidates should select one country either Japan of Namibia and explain the physical factors and then other factors that contributed to its fishing industry)

Japan.

The fishing ports are Yokohama. Nagoya. Nagasaki etc.
Its fishing ground is located in the North west pacific. Fishing is largely carried out in the Sea of Japan, the Yellow sea, sea of Okhotsk, the Bering Sea etc.
The major fish species caught include Tuna, Bonito, sardine, Herring, Mackerel, Salmon, whales etc.

Physical factors

Japan is made up of over 3000 Islands including Kyushu, Shikoku, Hokkaido Islands and this has made the Japanese a traditionally Seafaring people equipped with adequate fishing knowledge necessary to encourage commercial fishing.
Broad continental shelf of the North West pacific which offers a wider fishing zone constituting the Sea of Japan, Sea of Philippine with plenty of plankton that favors fish multiplication.
Japan has a long and indented Coastline with Numerous bays & sheltered inlets extending for over 29,750 km that favors good sites for development of abundant fishing villages & ports such as Ise Bay, Osaka bay enables the catching of abundant fish species.
Shallow waters and meeting of the warm Kuroshio and rold Oyashio currents helps to produce Ideal conditions for plankton growth hence presence of abundant fish species.
The warm Kurushio that washes the Japanese Coastlines creates Ice-free conditions hence facilitating fishing activities throughout the year around Osaka , Ise bay etc.
Japan is a mountainous country with limited land for agriculture. This has made fishing the possible source of protein food supplying 60% of animal proteins in the Japanese diet for example along the Hokkaido, Shikoku Islands.
Japan has a successful forestry industry for example within the Honshu region. This has supplied a lot of timber for Construction of fishing boats, barrels and fish packaging boxes.
The relatively Smooth Sea floor along the Sea of Japan has facilitated use of both pelagic & demersal fishing methods such as Trawlers, Drifters which catches abundant fish species to support a flourishing fishing industry
Existence of a variety of fish species in the Sea of Japan such as Herring Sardines, Shellfish, Salmon, mackerel, Bonito, Tuna & crustaceans including lobsters & crabs.
The cool temperate Climate of Japan not only favors existence of abundant fish sea fishing species such as Cod, but also helps to preserve fish under natural conditions and enables deep sea fishing with minimal costs.

Other factors

Large sums of capital in form of aid from U.S.A after the Second World War was invested in fishing and other industries of Japan It was used to establish processing factories, develop fishing vessels, acquire fishing technology like trawlers, seine nets and develop fish handling ports and facilities.
Japan has a successful ship building industry at Honshu industrial region. The Japanese deep sea fishing vessels are equipped with on board processing Canneries, Ties. Fish caught such as salmon, Tuna are processed on the spot and exported on the world market.
Japan has a big market for fish from its local big population and exports to European countries
Japan’s high population provides enough skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled labour in the fishing industry
Intensive research in the fishing industry provide good fish varieties and processing procedures that minimize wastage
High technology enables Japan to fish far and deep in the Oceans to get abundant fish
Political stability has enabled investment in the fishing industry
Favorable government policies deter fishing vices and encourage restocking to enable sustainability of the industry.
Efficient transport system to distribution of fish and fish products to the market
Use of highly modem and efficient fishing methods such as trawlers, Seine Nets, Drifters in the Sea of Japan, have led to catching of abundant fish species to support large scale fishing.
Existence of hundreds of fish processing and refrigeration plants all over Japan for example at Osaka, Nagoya, Hokkaido has facilitated the development of the fishing industry by processing fish into fish meal, fish oil, fertilizers
Japan is a mountainous country with poor soils with limited economically viable alternatives. This makes people tum to fishing at Hokadate, Yokohama, Osaka, Nagoya for a living thereby providing abundant fish for development of the fishing industry.

Namibia

Its fishing ground is located in the South East Atlantic ocean.
The main fish species caught are haddock, sardines , mackerel, pilchards, , tuna, and cape hake.
The main ports are Walvis Bay, Swakopmund.

Factors favoring fishing in Namibia

Physical factors

Long and indented Coastline that offers sheltered grounds for development of fishing ports e.g. Walvis Bay, Luderitz.
Existence of a variety of fish species such as haddock, sardines, mackerel, pilchards, Anchovies, as well crustaceans, shell fish & seaweeds .
Extensive continental shelf extending for over 200 kilometers provides shallow waters for fishing activities.
The cold Benguela current along the western coast of Namibia creates good conditions for growth of plankton on which fish feeds. This in turn attracts a lot of fish in the area.
The arid climate of the Kalahari Desert in Namibia has driven people to the coast to carry out fishing.
Tropical forests along the coast of Namibia provide timber for both boat construction & fish packing boxes.
The cool temperate climate of Namibia during winter Season favors fish preservation under Natural conditions. It’s also favorable for most fish species such as Hake, pilchards etc.
The bays at the South African coast provide sheltered sites for development of fishing villages & Natural harbors. These include Walvis Bays, Cape peninsula, Saldanha Bay and False Bay.
Presence of a smooth ocean floor along the Namibia fishing ground within the Atlantic ocean enables use of commercial fishing Nets such as Trawlers & seines.

Other factors

Existence of skilled labour due to presence of education institutions where fishing is taught For example the Namibia marine & fisheries institute (NAMFI) at Walvis Bay offers different fishing courses such as the fisheries inspectors & observers’ course. These regulate fish extraction, safety as well as fish breeding.
Large sums of capital from Diamond & Gold sales and foreign investors such as Russians, Koreans & Japanese have been invested in the fishing sector in Namibia.
Intensive research to develop the fishing industry has been done. Research centers are found at Swakopmund i.e. the National marine information research center.
Developed transport Network in form of railways & roads radiate from fish ports of Walvis Bay, Luderitz in Namibia to market centers like Pretoria, Wind Hock, etc.
Namibia has applied modem technology in the fishing sector. This includes use of Mega ships with on board refrigeration and processing facilities. Vessels are also equipped with satellite equipment, sonar, flashers, fishing costumes, artificial fish attractants.
Most settlements in Namibia are found along Luderitz, Walvis Bay, Banguela and Lobito. This has made people seafaring by tradition hence favoring fishing.
Supportive government policy to develop the Namibian fishing industry This involves prohibition of illegal foreign international fishing fleets from Russia, Korea and Japan within a radius of 200 miles from the Namibian waters. Navigation patrols by police & army is done to control pirates & theft along the Atlantic Ocean.
Re-stocking with reduced fish species such as sole, Anchovies is also done to ensure sustainability.
Relative political stability in Namibia has attracted several fishing companies to develop the fishing industry. Examples are Namibian fishing industries Ltd ( Nam fish) in S. Africa, Benguela sea products at Walvis Bay etc.
Presence of a variety of fishing grounds including fresh water fishing grounds such as Orange River. Vaal River, etc.
Technical assistance provided for by the German agency for technical co-operation.

Thank you

Dr. Bbosa Science

CATEGORIES Geography

TAGS Dr. Bbosa Science

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Geography (UACE 250/2) paper 2 revision questions for Farming, livestock and fishing practices in the world

Farming

Examine the merits and demerits of plantation farming in either Liberia or Kwazulu-Natal of South Africa. (25marks)

Solution

(a) Differentiate between intensive and extensive farming systems

(b) Account for the development of intensive farming in either Denmark or Netherlands

Account for the persistence of shifting cultivation in Either Zambia or Brazil. (25marks)

(a) Distinguish between intensive and extensive farming (10 marks)

(b) Assess the contribution of extensive farming to the development of North America. (15 marks)

Account for development of agriculture Communes in china.(25marks)

(a) Differentiate between co-operative farming and collectivization (07 marks)

(b) Assess the contribution of collectivization to the development of china. (18marks)

(a) Describe the characteristics of agricultural communes in China.

(b) Assess the contribution of agricultural communes to the development of China.

(a) Distinguish between factory farming and market (10 marks)

(b) Assess the contribution of market gardening to the development of anyone country in Western Europe. (15marks)

Examine the factors that have favored the development of the agricultural sector in Monsoon Asia (25marks)

Account for the decrease of shifting cultivation in tropical Africa. (25marks)

(a) Explain the problems faced by the Agricultural sector in South-East Asia.

(b) Outline the steps being taken to solve the problems of Agricultural sector in South-East Asia include

To what extent are physical factors responsible for low level of agricultural productivity in tropical Africa? (25marks)

Livestock

(a) Distinguish between dairy farming and ranching

(b) Explain steps taken to improve ranching either In Botswana or Argentina

Describe the measures being taken to improve the livestock in either Botswana or Argentina (25 marks)

Examine the factors which favored nomadic pastoralism in the Sahel region of Africa(25 marks)

Assess the contribution of co-operative farming to the development of either Kenya or Denmark. (25 marks)

Explain the challenges facing commercial farming in either Nigeria or Argentina (25 marks)

Examine the factors which favored ranching on either Botswana or Argentina

Fishing

To what extent have human influenced the development of the fishing industry in either Norway or Ghana(25marks)

Explain the contribution of fish industry either Norway or Peru

Solution

Asses the contribution of fishing industry in either Sweden or Angola

The development of the fishing industry in the main fresh waters of Africa has been mainly limited by low levels of technology. Discuss. (25 marks)

With reference to specific examples, explain the problems facing the fishing industry in tropical Africa (25 marks)

Assess the contribution of the fishing industry to the development of either China or Peru (25 marks)

Explain the factors that have favored the development of the fishing industry in either Namibia or Japan. (25marks)

To what extent bas low level of technology limited the development of the fishing industry in either Angola or Peru? (25 marks)

To what extent have physical factors contributed to the development of fishing industry in either Namibia or Japan

AUTHORBbosa Science

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