Molecular Theory Explanation of Hooke’s Law

• Atomic Bonds: In a solid material, atoms are arranged in a regular pattern and are held together by interatomic forces, often visualized as tiny springs connecting each pair of atoms.
• Equilibrium Position: Atoms are in an equilibrium position when the material is unstressed. The interatomic forces are balanced, and the atoms are at their natural separation distance.
• Displacement from Equilibrium: When an external force is applied to stretch or compress the material, the atoms are displaced from their equilibrium positions. This causes the interatomic “springs” to either stretch or compress.
• Restorative Forces: According to molecular theory, the interatomic forces act like springs that obey Hooke’s law. The displacement of atoms from their equilibrium positions creates restorative forces that are proportional to the displacement, trying to bring the atoms back to their equilibrium state.
• Linear Relationship: For small displacements, the relationship between the force applied to the material and the resulting displacement is linear. This linearity results from the nature of the interatomic forces, which can be approximated as linear (like springs) for small deformations.

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