Specialized gaseous exchange surfaces

Specialized gaseous exchange surfaces

The specialised gaseous exchange surfaces provide large surface area by developing flaps, sac or tubes.

 

Examples

1. Body surface is usually sufficient gaseous exchange surface for small animals such as protozoa, earthworm, flatworms with larges surface-volume ratio.

 

2. Aquatic organism such as Lung worm and tadpole use external gill which are epidermal outgrowth from the surface of the body

 

3. Fish use internal gills which are enclosed within the body and protected from damage.

 

 

4. Air-breaking vertebrates have developed lungs which develop as sac-like outgrowth of the pharynx in which air is brought close to the blood to allow gaseous exchange.

 

The biggest problem of gaseous exchange through by the lung is that energy is required for ventilation especially during inspiration and leads to water loss.

 

5. Insects have developed a tracheal system, penetrating and ramifying and delivering oxygen to tissue cell

6. The frog and other amphibians use the skin and buccal cavity in addition the lungs

 

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