Category: Organic chemistry
Aldol condensations of carbonyl compounds
Aldol condensations of carbonyl compounds Carbonyl compounds which contain at least one alpha hydrogen, react in presence of alkali to form hydroxyl carbonyl compounds called ... Read More
Cannizzaro reaction of aldehydes
Cannizzaro reaction of aldehydes This is a reaction between sodium hydroxide solution and aldehydes with no α-hydrogen It’s a self-oxidation – reduction reaction Examples Please ... Read More
Distinguishing between aldehydes and ketone
Reagent Observation Aldehydes Ketones Fehling’s solution Brown ppt No observable change Tollen’s reagent or ammoniacal silver nitrate Black ppt or silver mirror No ... Read More
Reaction methyl ketone with iodine
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Reaction of benzene with chlorine in the presence of u.v-light
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Reaction of benzene with alkenes
Reaction of benzene with alkenes In the presence of a mineral acid benzene react with alkenes to form alkylbenzene. Please Subscribe to promote this website. ... Read More
Reaction of benzene with alkanoylhalides
The reaction requires an electron carrier and produces ketones Example Please Subscribe to promote this website. Subscription is free Share with a friend Your comment ... Read More
Reaction of benzene with alkyl halides like chloromethane
This is a reaction of benzene with an alkyl halide to give an alkyl benzene. The reaction is catalysed by electron carriers such as ... Read More
Reaction of benzene with halogens, chlorine, bromine, iodine
Reaction of benzene with halogens This requires the use of electron carriers (AlCl3, FCl3) as catalysts. The electron carrier is usually a halide of iron ... Read More
Sulphonation of benzene or reaction of benzene with sulphuric acid
Sulphonation of benzene is the introduction of the sulphonic group (-SO3H) on to the benzene ring. It’s done by heating benzene with concentrated suphuric acid. A ... Read More
Nitration of benzene or reaction of benzene with nitric acid
Nitration of benzene This is the introduction of the nitro group on the benzene ring using a hot mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid and concentrated ... Read More
Preparation of phenol form cumene or 2-phenylpropane
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Distinguishing between primary, secondary and tertiary amines
Distinguishing between primary, secondary and tertiary amines Reagent: nitrous acid (NaNO2, HCl (0-50C)) Observation (i) Primary amine: effervescence Equation RNH2 + NaNO2 + 2HCl ... Read More
Explain why phenylamine is a weaker base than ammonia and ammonia is a weaker base than dimethylamine
Solution Trimethylamine is a stronger base than ammonia because the methyl groups donate electrons to the nitrogen atom. This increases the density of alone pair ... Read More
Basic trendsof amines
Bacisity of amines Like ammonia, amines dissolve in water to form alkaline solution. RNH2 + H2O ↔ RN+H3 + OH-(aq) The strength of ... Read More
Variation of boiling and melting points of amines
Variation of boiling and melting points of amines Amines are polar compounds and therefore have higher melting and boiling points than non-polar compounds of similar ... Read More
Reaction of terminal alkyne with ammoniacal silver nitrate or copper 1 nitrate
Alkynes with a triple bond at the end of the chain react with ammoniacal silver nitrate or ammoniacal copper I chloride to form white precipitate ... Read More
Reaction of ethyne with water
The reaction ethyne with water is catalysed by mercury (II) sulphate and dilute sulphuric acid. Carbonyl compounds are formed. Example Mechanism Please Subscribe to promote ... Read More
Reduction of alkynes
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Preparation of ethyne from ethanol
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Preparation of ethyne from 1, 2-dibromoethane
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Preparation of ethyne from carbon
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Preparation of alkenes from tertiary alkyl halides
Tertiary alkylhalides in presence of hot solution of excess alcohol and potassium hydroxide undergo elimination reaction to form alkenes. The mechanism is described as E1 ... Read More
Preparation of alkenes from primary alkyl halides
Preparation of alkenes from primary alkyl halides Primary alkyl halide react with hot solution of excess alcohol and potassium hydroxide to form alkenes. the mechanism ... Read More
Preparation of alkenes from tertiary alcohols
Preparation of alkenes from tertiary alcohols Tertiary alcohols react with hot concentrated sulphuric or phosphoric acid to give alkenes. The mechanism is described as E1 ... Read More
Preparation of alkenes from primary alcohols
Primary alcohol react with hot concentrated sulphuric or phosphoric acid to form alkenes. The mechanism is referred to as elimination bimolecular(E2) because water molecule is ... Read More
Polymerization of dienes
Polymerization of dienes Alkenes with conjugated double bond undergo polymerization to form polyalkenes with double bonds Example Please Subscribe to promote this website. Subscription is ... Read More
Ozonolysis (reaction of ozone with alkenes)
Ozonolysis (reaction of ozone with alkenes) Ozone reacts with alkene to form unstable ozonide that is reduced by zinc in presence of hydrochloric acid to ... Read More
Reaction of alkenes with hydrogen bromide in presence of a peroxide
Reaction of alkenes with hydrogen bromide in presence of a peroxide In presence of a peroxide, alkenes react with HBr by free radial mechanisms; but ... Read More
Reaction of alkene with water
Reaction of alkene with water. The reaction is catalyzed by an acid sulphuric acid or phosphoric acid. Alcohols are produced Example 1 Ethene reacts with ... Read More
Reaction of alkenes with halogens in presence of water.
Reaction of alkenes with halogens in presence of water. The reaction is carried out by bubbling alkenes through aqueous halogens. Example Propene reacts with chlorine ... Read More
Reaction of alkenes with hydrogen halides (HX ; X = Cl, Br, I)
Reaction of alkenes with hydrogen halides (HX ; X = Cl, Br, I) The reaction is carried out by bubbling HX through alkenes. Example 1 ... Read More
Reaction of alkenes with halogens
Reaction of alkenes with halogens Halogens add across a double bond to form dihalogeno compounds. The reaction is carried out in an inert solvent like ... Read More
Reaction of alkenes with alkaline KMnO4 (potassium manganate) (VII) solution
Reaction of alkenes with alkaline KMnO4 solution Dilute alkaline KMnO4 solution convert alkenes into compound called GLYCOLS (dihydroxyl alcohols) Please Subscribe to promote this website. ... Read More
Reduction of alkenes
Reduction of alkenes They are reduced by hydrogen in presence of catalysts; nickel or platnum to alkenes Example Please Subscribe to promote this website. Subscription ... Read More
Rules for naming alkanes or nomenclature of alkanes
(a) Names of straight chain isomers alkanes Straight chain isomers are named according to the number of carbon atoms in the chain. (a) Naming branched ... Read More
What is alkyl groups?
An alkyl group is an alkane less one hydrogen atom. Examples CH4 Methane CH3- methyl group CH3CH3 Ethyl ... Read More
Names of first ten straight chain alkanes
Names of first ten straight chain alkanes Please Subscribe to promote this website. Subscription is free Share with a friend Your comment is valuable Thank ... Read More
Types of Isomerism in organic chemistry
Types of isomerism Structural isomerism Optical isomerism Structural isomerism Here compounds differ in arrangement of atoms in a compound. (a) Chain isomerism: compound have the ... Read More
What is isomerism?
what is isomerism? Isomerism is the existence of compound with the same molecular formulae but different arrangement of atoms in a compound. Please Subscribe to ... Read More
Dehydration of alcohol
Dehydration of alcohol Alcohols are dehydrated by hot concentrated sulphuric or phosphoric acid to form alkenes. The mechanisms depend on the class of alcohols. Primary ... Read More
Oxidation of alcohols
Oxidation of alcohols Alcohols are burnt in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water and heat. Due to production of heat on combustion, alcohols are used ... Read More
formation of alkylhalides from alcohols
Formation of alkyl halides from alcohols Alcohols react with a variety of reagents to yield alkyl halides. The most commonly used reagents are hydrogen halides ... Read More
Reaction of alcohols with acid anhydride to form esters.
Alcohols react with acid anhydride to form esters Example Please Subscribe to promote this website. Subscription is free Share with a friend Your comment is ... Read More
Reaction of alcohols with acid halides to form esters.
Acid halides react with alcohols to form esters. Example Ethanoyl chloride reacts with methanol to form methylethanoate Please Subscribe to promote this website. Subscription is ... Read More
Reaction of alcohols with carboxylic acids to form esters
Alcohols react with carboxylic acids in the presence of a mineral acid (phosphoric or sulphuric acid) to form esters. However, this is not a good ... Read More
Formation of ethers from alcohols
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Industrial preparation of alcohols
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What is electrode potential
Electrode potential is a potential difference that is set up between a metal and its solution containing metal ions. Please Subscribe to promote this ... Read More
Rubber monomers, condition for production of rubber, Vulcanization of rubber- physical chemistry
Rubber Monomers Important conjugated dienes used in synthetic rubbers include isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene), 1,3-butadiene, and chloroprene (2-chloro-1,3-butadiene). Condition for the reaction leading to formation of ... Read More
Aromatic or benzene compounds
reaction of benzene with nitric acid, reactions of benzene with sulphuric acid, reactions of benzene with alkyl halide, reaction of benzene with halogen in present ... Read More
Functional derivatives of carboxylic acids (A-level organic chemistry)
Functional derivatives of carboxylic acids Closely related to carboxylic acids and to each other are a number of chemical families known as functional derivatives of ... Read More
Benzene and its compounds (A-level organic chemistry)
Aromatic (benzene ans its) compounds These include benzene and compounds that resemble benzene in chemical behavior. Benzene Chemical formula: C6H6. Structure Benzene is a cyclic ... Read More
Soap (A-level organic chemistry)
Soap and detergents Soap is a mixture of the sodium salt of long-chain fatty acids. Fatty acids are straight-chain carboxylic acid Saponification: is the process ... Read More
Polymerization (A-level organic chemistry)
Polymerization A polymer is a high molecular mass species consisting of regularly repeating units or chemically similar units, linked by primary covalent bonds. Polymerization is ... Read More
Carboxylic acid or alkanoic acids (A-level organic chemistry)
Carboxylic acids The carboxylic group is a combination of a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group(OH): the name carboxylic group. Nomenclature Their names end with ... Read More
Carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) (A-level organic chemistry)
Carbonyl compounds These are compounds that contain carbonyl group Aldehydes These are carbonyl compounds with the following structure. Nomenclature of aldehydes Aldehyde are named by ... Read More
Alcohols (A-level organic chemistry)
Alcohols/Alkanols These are organic compounds that contain at least one hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to saturated carbon atom. Classification (a) According to the number of ... Read More
Alkylhalides (R-X, X = Cl, Br, I) (A-level chemistry)
Alkyl halides (R-X, X = Cl, Br, I) These are compounds with at least one halogen atom attached to the parent chain. Classification of monosubstituted ... Read More
Amine (A-level organic chemistry)
Amines These are organic derivatives of ammonia Classification According to the number of alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom (a) Primary amines: have ... Read More